Using simultaneous three colour X‐ray mapping and digital‐scan‐stop for rapid elemental characterization of coal combustion by‐products

Pawley, James B.; Fisher, Gerald L.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1977.tb00019.x

Cited by 21 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Most recently, McElroy et al (19) reported on the composition of fine particles from coal combustion. They found, in contrast to Fisher et (32). Further studies by Hayes et al.…”

Section: Chemical Characterization Elemental Analysiscontrasting

confidence: 46%

Biomedically relevant chemical and physical properties of coal combustion products.

Fisher¹

1983

Environ Health Perspect

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The evaluation of the potential public and occupational health hazards of developing and existing combustion processes requires a detailed understanding of the physical and chemical properties of effluents available for human and environmental exposures. These processes produce complex mixtures of gases and aerosols which may interact synergistically or antagonistically with biological systems. Because of the physicochemical complexity of the effluents, the biomedically relevant properties of these materials must be carefully assessed. Subsequent to release from combustion sources, environmental interactions further complicate assessment of the toxicity of combustion products. This report provides an overview of the biomedically relevant physical and chemical properties of coal fly ash. Coal fly ash is presented as a model complex mixture for health and safety evaluation of combustion processes.

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“…Most recently, McElroy et al (19) reported on the composition of fine particles from coal combustion. They found, in contrast to Fisher et (32). Further studies by Hayes et al.…”

Section: Chemical Characterization Elemental Analysiscontrasting

confidence: 46%

Biomedically relevant chemical and physical properties of coal combustion products.

Fisher¹

1983

Environ Health Perspect

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“…Flow rate through the system was determined through the sensing of differential and static pressure levels at the orifice flowmeter and gas temperature. Flow through the STACK GAS FLOW FIGURE 1. Stack sampler for collection of fly ash from an oil-fired power plant.…”

Section: Sample Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ash from coal combustion is primarily aluminosilicate in matrix and contains surface layers of vapor-deposited inorganic and organic compounds. Furthermore, interparticle chemical variability is such that individual particle composition may be quite different than the average composition (1).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical and Biological Studies of Coal and Oil Fly Ash

Fisher¹,

McNeill²,

Prentice³

et al. 1983

Environmental Health Perspectives

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Studies were performed to compare the physical and chemical characteristics and the in vitro macrophage cytotoxicity of oil and coal fly ash. Sampling methodology was developed to collect size-fractionated particulate matter from the smokestack of either a coal-fired or an oil-fired power plant. Morphological studies demonstrated particle heterogeneity, although most coal fly ash particles appeared to be spherical. Oil fly ash contained two major morphologies; nonopaque amorphous particles and opaque amorphous particles. Elemental analysis indicates that the coal ash is predominantly composed of aluminosilicate particles, while the oil ash is predominantly inorganic sulfates and carbonaceous particles. In vitro macrophage assays demonstrate that the finest coal fly ash particles are the most cytotoxic; the cytotoxicity is significantly less than that of a-quartz, the positive control particle. In contrast, the oil fly ash particles are more cytotoxic than quartz. The cytotoxicity of oil fly ash is due to soluble components, possibly vanadium salts.Associated with the generation of electricity by fossil fuel combustion is the production and subsequent environmental release of primary particulate matter. This material, fly ash, presently poses a major solid waste disposal problem and a potential health hazard. The ash from coal combustion is primarily aluminosilicate in matrix and contains surface layers of vapor-deposited inorganic and organic compounds. Furthermore, interparticle chemical variability is such that individual particle composition may be quite different than the average composition (1).Although a number of studies have characterized the physical and chemical properties of coal fly ash (2), few detailed reports are available on oil fly ash. This is probably because of the relatively high ash content of coal and the large quantities combusted in power generation. It is estimated that 100 million tons of coal fly ash were produced in the United States in 1980 from combustion of coal averaging an ash content of 11% by mass (3). Particulate abatement technologies result in collection within the plant of 95-99% of the ash; thus 1-5% of the coal fly ash is released through the smokestack. Al-

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“…Previous analysis of individual fly ash particles demonstrated extreme matrix heterogeneity among morphologically similar particles (Pawley and Fisher, 1977). More recently, we have completed a detailed comparison of light-microscopic morphology and individual-particle elemental composition using scanning electron microscopic (SEM) X-ray analysis.…”

Section: Microscopic Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Using SEM X-ray analysis to investigate particles contained in macrophages, we find that the matrix composition of particles contained within phagocytes may vary dramatically (Hayes et al, 1978;Pawley and Fisher, 1977). Furthermore, we hypothesize that variation in the chemical composition of phagocytized particles may also represent variation in the toxicological potential of such particles (Hayes et al, 1978;.…”

Section: In Vitro Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-Term Bioassays in the Analysis of Complex Environmental Mixtures II

1980

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Using simultaneous three colour X‐ray mapping and digital‐scan‐stop for rapid elemental characterization of coal combustion by‐products

Cited by 21 publications

References 11 publications

Biomedically relevant chemical and physical properties of coal combustion products.

Biomedically relevant chemical and physical properties of coal combustion products.

Physical and Biological Studies of Coal and Oil Fly Ash

Short-Term Bioassays in the Analysis of Complex Environmental Mixtures II

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