“…The two case studies demonstrate ways in which teachers can use PLEs/ PLNs for supporting their own and their students' learning, as well as for creating professional development opportunities within their own teaching and educational contexts. In agreement with the literature concerned with PLEs and PLNs, our case studies describe how these are used for: accessing resources suitable for the specific needs of the user (Pérez Cascante et al, 2016); increasing students' motivation (Dabbagh, Kitsantas, Freih, & Fake, 2015); searching, aggregating, creating, and sharing content (Saadatmand & Kumpulainen, 2013); encouraging students to make their learning personally relevant; increasing students' collaboration and independence (Castañeda & Soto, 2010); assisting students in reflecting on the learning process (Arrufat & Sánchez, 2012); and engaging in online communities (Saadatmand & Kumpulainen, 2013).…”