Using the biochar produced from spend mushroom substrate to improve the environmental condition of aquaculture pond

Abstract

Mushrooms, the edible fungi, contain some healthy compounds, such as polysaccharide and triterpenes, and low calorie. Therefore, the demand for mushrooms is gradually increased. The annual turnover of mushroom is around NT$ 13.3 billion, which is counted around 18% of the total vegetable production value (NT$ 73.3 billion) in Taiwan (Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan R.O.C., 2015). Currently, mushrooms are typically cultivated within a 3-D architectural structure inside air-conditioned facilities. Substrates used commonly in mushroom production include agricultural byproducts, such as cereal straw, rice, wheat, corn, and barley, cotton, cobs, husks, and pulp (Chang & Miles, 1989). After mushrooms are harvested, the spent mushroom substrate (SMS) becomes an agricultural wastes and by-products, which were estimated about 0.25 million tons per year in Taiwan. SMS has now be applied as compost,

Co-composting of cattle manure with biochar and elemental sulphur and its effects on manure quality, plant biomass and microbiological characteristics of post-harvest soil

“…the material with significantly lower S content compared to the unmatured manure, whereas the M+B+S was enriched by the excessive dose of elemental S together with biochar. The pyrolyzed matter has the potential to adsorb and stabilize any form of S transformation ( Zhang et al., 2016 ; Lin et al., 2021 ) and mitigate its putative volatilization, e.g. in the form of H 2 S. Under insufficient aerobic conditions, one can expect a partial reduction of elemental S to H 2 S and its release into the environment.…”

“…Moreover, the amendment of co-composted manure with elemental S may significantly alter soil enzyme activity (Malik et al, 2021), with a putative benefit of increased rate of nutrient transformation via enhancement of microbial activity and abundance by combination of external organic matter and elemental S amendment (Hammerschmiedt et al, 2021;Malik et al, 2021). Biochar addition to soil was also referred to affect activity of nutrient-transforming enzymes in soil not only negatively (Li et al, 2018;Song et al, 2019), but also positively (Azeem et al, 2019;Zhang et al, 2021). The novelty of this research lies in the pre-maturation enrichment of manure with elemental S, which is assumed to be promoted during the manure fermentation to the accelerated transformation into plant-available form and modulated in this process by a presence of biochar.…”

Ammonia induced toxico‐physiological responses in fish and management interventions

“…When compared with other chemicals used for ammonia removal such as activated carbon, zeolite displays the highest efficiency and lowest cost 213,215 . Biochar also has the potential to adsorb toxic substances including ammonia from aquaculture ponds 216 . More research is required regarding the application of the natural, biodegradable, non‐toxic and affordable biopolymer–chitosan for ammonia mitigation in aquaculture systems.…”

“…213,215 Biochar also has the potential to adsorb toxic substances including ammonia from aquaculture ponds. 216 More research is required regarding the application of the natural, biodegradable, non-toxic and affordable biopolymer-chitosan for ammonia mitigation in aquaculture systems.…”

Evaluation of olive stone biochar as valuable and inexpensive agro‐waste adsorbent for the adsorption and removal of inorganic mercury from Nile tilapia aquaculture systems

“…Several previous studies investigated the adsorption activity of OS biochar (OSB) (Budinova et al, 2006; Kula et al, 2008; Obregón‐Valencia & del Rosario Sun‐Kou, 2014; Rodríguez et al, 2008; Uğurlu et al, 2008). However, research on biochar in general, and OSB in particular, in aquaculture has been limited to use as a feed supplement (Abdel‐Tawwab et al, 2017; Michael et al, 2017; Pirarat et al, 2015; Thu et al, 2010; Yoo et al, 2005), water quality and zooplankton community improvement (Heneash & Alprol, 2020), ammonium and sulphide elimination (Khalil et al, 2018; Lin et al, 2021), acid neutralization of water and sediment (Schmidt, 2012) and in biofloc systems (Abakari et al, 2020). Despite promising results obtained with dietary AC for Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ), long‐term use of dietary AC may have negative effects because of its non‐nutritive and indigestible content (Boonanuntanasarn et al, 2014).…”