Using the BIS/BAS scales to measure behavioural inhibition and behavioural activation: Factor structure, validity and norms in a large community sample

Jorm, Anthony F.; Christensen, Helen; Henderson, A. S.; Jacomb, P. A.; Korten, A. E.; Rodgers, Bryan

doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(98)00143-3

Cited by 431 publications

(439 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…This particular sensitivity of women to negative affects was previously found with SCR and other psychophysiological indices as well as with subjective ratings of emotions (Bradley, Codispoti, Sabatinelli, & Lang, 2001;Kring & Gordon, 1998). Interestingly, this gender influence was not dependent of HA scores, suggesting that BIS would not be involved in this particular sensitivity, as could have been expected regarding women's classically higher scores in HA and BIS-related scales (Hansenne et al, 2005;Jorm et al, 1999).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

Personality traits modulate skin conductance response to emotional pictures: An investigation with Cloninger’s model of personality

Mardaga

Laloyaux

Hansenne

2006

Personality and Individual Differences

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Several studies found strong relationships between main personality dimensions and emotions, and more particularly between neuroticism and negative emotions, as well as between extraversion and positive ones. In these studies, personality was mainly assessed with respect to the big five model, and emotions were evaluated with subjective rating scales. To extend the exploration of the associations between personality and emotion, the aim of the present study was to investigate the relationships between Cloninger's dimensions of personality and emotional reactivity assessed by skin conductance response (SCR). In 55 normal subjects, SCR was recorded while they were presented pictures selected as positive, negative and neutral from the International Affective Picture System. The results showed no influence of personality on response magnitude, but subjects with higher harm avoidance scores showed longer half-recovery times for negative relative to neutral pictures. This result is consistent with the dispositional bias of harm avoidance to respond intensely to signals of aversive stimuli.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

Personality traits modulate skin conductance response to emotional pictures: An investigation with Cloninger’s model of personality

Mardaga

Laloyaux

Hansenne

2006

Personality and Individual Differences

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“…This later interaction is inconsistent with Gray's (1988) model in which susceptibility to reward stimuli is conceptualized as constant along the dimension of trait anxiety but changes as a function of impulsivity, which is driven by inputs to the behavioral activation system, or BAS (see Figure 12.1 in Gray & McNaughton, 2003). The moderating effect of CW-BIS on the effect of positive information on approach behaviour could, in part, reflect the fact that the CW-BIS overlaps with the 'reward responsiveness' subscale of Carver and White's BAS measure: a medium correspondence between these scales, r = .27 to .30, has been reported in several studies (Campbell-Sills et al, 2004;Carver & White, 1994;Franken, Muris & Rassin, 2005;Johnson et al, 2003;Jorm et al, 1998). The CW-BIS has also been shown to correlate with reward dependence, r = .42 (Carver & White, 1994).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…The CW-BIS has: (1) convergent and discriminant validity shown by correlations with associated measures; (2) predictive validity in a behavioral task; and (3) reasonable test-retest reliability over 8 weeks, r = .66 (Carver & White, 1994). The internal consistency of the scale is above the accepted cut-off of .70 across a variety of studies: α = .74 (Carver & White, 1994), .76 (Jorm et al, 1998) and .72 (Gomez & Gomez, 2005). The questionnaire also has factorial validity in both nonclinical samples (Carver & White, 1994;Johnson et al, 2003;Jorm et al, 1998;Ross, Millis, Bonebright, & Bailley, 2002) and samples with anxiety disorders (Campbell-Sills, Liverant, & Brown, 2004).…”

Section: Experiments 1amentioning

confidence: 92%

“…The internal consistency of the scale is above the accepted cut-off of .70 across a variety of studies: α = .74 (Carver & White, 1994), .76 (Jorm et al, 1998) and .72 (Gomez & Gomez, 2005. The questionnaire also has factorial validity in both nonclinical samples (Carver & White, 1994;Johnson et al, 2003;Jorm et al, 1998;Ross, Millis, Bonebright, & Bailley, 2002) 58, Carver & White, 1994). BIS scores are also significantly higher in people with a DSM-IV based lifetime diagnosis of anxiety disorders (Johnson et al, 2003).…”

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confidence: 99%

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The behavioral inhibition system and the verbal information pathway to children's fears.

Field

2006

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

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The behavioral inhibition system (BIS) is the neurological substrate of trait anxiety and is linked to the development of anxiety disorders. Three experiments are reported that investigate the moderating influence of the BIS on one pathway to fear: threat information. In all studies, children were given verbal information about a set of novel animals and their BIS sensitivity was measured. The results suggest that BIS sensitivity (1) facilitates attentional biases to stimuli associated with threat information; and (2) facilitates behavioral avoidance of novel stimuli associated with threat information. This suggests a possible mechanism through which the behavioral inhibition system may promote the acquisition of animal fears. 3The Behavioral Inhibition System and the Verbal Information Pathway to Children's Fears Rachman (1977) proposed that fears could be acquired through three pathways: direct negative conditioning experiences, learning through observing others, and fear transmitted through verbal information. Retrospective studies have shown support for all three pathways (see King, Gullone & Ollendick, 1998;Merckelbach, De Jong, Muris & van den Hout, 1996 for reviews), however, the information pathway remains the least experimentally studied. AlthoughRachman did not formalize a mechanism through which fear information would have an effect, modern theories of fear development are intrinsically linked to the verbal information pathway.Davey (1997) has pointed out that there are two roles for moderating factors in conditioning models of fear acquisition. The first is through creating expectancies about the likely outcome of an encounter with a conditioned stimulus, CS (expectancy evaluations). The second is through moderating the aversiveness of the unconditioned stimulus (US) or US representation (US Revaluation processes). Threat information could affect both processes by (1) creating expectancies or beliefs about likely outcomes of subsequent conditioning episodes and (2) by revaluing a previously innocuous experience such that its mental representation comes to act as a negative US. In terms of expectancy evaluations, Davey (1997) noted a body of conditioning research suggesting that the core CS-US association driving acquired fear responses in humans is influenced by existing beliefs about the likely outcome of interacting with the CS. For example, a child believing that a dog will bite her who is subsequently bitten will have a stronger dogtrauma association than a child for whom the bite conflicts with their prior assumptions (see Field, in press).Although retrospective studies have shown that threat information contributes to the development of fears, these reports will be prone to memory bias and forgetting of potentially important learning episodes (see King, Gullone & Ollendick, 1998;Merckelbach, De Jong, Muris & Van den Hout, 1996 for reviews). Field, Argyris & Knowles (2001) have developed an experimental paradigm for looking at the effects of fear information in the development of ani...

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“…Across several diverse samples (Carver, 2004, in press;Carver & White, 1994;Jorm et al, 1999), the correlations of the BIS scale with Drive and Fun seeking was nominal (average rs ϭ Ϫ.10 and Ϫ.05, respectively), but the BIS scale correlated moderately positively with Reward responsiveness (average r ϭ .29). The three BAS scales correlate moderately positively with one another (average r ϭ .38).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anger is an approach-related affect: Evidence and implications.

Carver¹,

Harmon‐Jones²

2009

Psychological Bulletin

1,405

1,165

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The authors review a range of evidence concerning the motivational underpinnings of anger as an affect, with particular reference to the relationship between anger and anxiety or fear. The evidence supports the view that anger relates to an appetitive or approach motivational system, whereas anxiety relates to an aversive or avoidance motivational system. This evidence appears to have 2 implications. One implication concerns the nature of anterior cortical asymmetry effects. The evidence suggests that such asymmetry reflects direction of motivational engagement (approach vs. withdrawal) rather than affective valence. The other implication concerns the idea that affects form a purely positive dimension and a purely negative dimension, which reflect the operation of appetitive and aversive motivational systems, respectively. The evidence reviewed does not support that view. The evidence is, however, consistent with a discrete-emotions view (which does not rely on dimensionality) and with an alternative dimensional approach.Keywords: anger, approach, appetitive system, avoidance, threat system Recent years have seen a surge of interest in emotional experience (e.g., Barrett, Niedenthal, & Winkielman, 2005;Dalgleish & Power, 1999;Davidson, Scherer, & Goldsmith, 2003;Frijda, 2007; Lane & Nadel, 2000;Lewis & Haviland-Jones, 2000;Ortony, Clore, & Collins, 1988;Panksepp, 1998; Rottenberg & Johnson, 2007; Scherer, Schorr, & Johnstone, 2001). Views of emotion vary considerably, in several respects. As one example, some people view emotions as a set of distinct modular entities, often considered basic emotions (e.g., Ekman, 1992;Izard, 1991;Izard & Ackerman, 2000;Levenson, 1994Levenson, , 1999Panksepp, 1998;Roseman, 1991). Others hold that affects are best understood by reference to underlying dimensions (e.g., Barrett, 2006;Cacioppo, Gardner, & Berntson, 1999;Carver & Scheier, 1998;Davidson, 1998;Gray, 1994a;Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, 1992Russell, 2003;Russell & Carroll, 1999a, 1999bWatson, Wiese, Vaidya, & Tellegen, 1999;Yik, Russell, & Barrett, 1999). AngerThis article focuses on one specific affect-anger. Specifically, it addresses the relationship of this affect to broad motivational tendencies of approach and avoidance, and it considers implications of that relationship for two areas of thought and research. We begin with a few words about definitions.Sometimes the terms affect, feeling, and emotion are treated as interchangeable (e.g., Isen, 2000); sometimes they are distinguished from each other (e.g., Fredrickson, 2001;. Affect is generally used to imply a hedonic experience, a sense of valence, a subjective sense of positivity or negativity arising from an event. When many use the word emotion, it is with that sense in mind. As Frijda (2000) put it, "For many theorists, the essence of emotion is feeling, and notably 'affect,' here used in the sense of a feeling of pleasure or pain . . . ." (p. 63). As Ortony et al. (1988) put it, emotions are ". . valenced reactions to events, agents, or objects . ." (p. 13). T...

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Using the BIS/BAS scales to measure behavioural inhibition and behavioural activation: Factor structure, validity and norms in a large community sample

Cited by 431 publications

References 16 publications

Personality traits modulate skin conductance response to emotional pictures: An investigation with Cloninger’s model of personality

Personality traits modulate skin conductance response to emotional pictures: An investigation with Cloninger’s model of personality

The behavioral inhibition system and the verbal information pathway to children's fears.

Anger is an approach-related affect: Evidence and implications.

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