Using the Chinese Smell Identification Test to explore olfactory function in Parkinson’s disease

Xing, Fengbo; Mo, Yuting; Chen, Xing; Liu, Tingting; Wang, Kai; Hu, Panpan

doi:10.1080/13803395.2021.1891207

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Previous studies have shown that many methods can be used for olfactory detection in Chinese PD patients. The Chinese smell identification test which was developed specifically for Chinese populations had a sensitivity and specificity of 71.1% and 89.3% for the detection of Parkinson's disease [ 19 ]. The brief smell identification test had a sensitivity of 64.1% and specificity of 83.9% for identifying PD [ 20 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

China’s Modified Version of Sniffin’ Sticks 12‐Identification Test Used in Chinese Parkinson’s Disease and Multiple System Patients: Comparison of Three Olfactory Testing Methods

Liu,

Du,

et al. 2024

Parkinson's Disease

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Objectives. The aim of this study was to compare the Sniffin’ Sticks 12‐identification test (SIT‐12), China‐modified version of the SIT‐12 test (Ch‐SIT‐12) and brief smell identification test for Chinese (B‐SITC) in Chinese population of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Methods. 36 patients with PD and 7 patients with MSA were enrolled in this study. Three olfactory testing methods (SIT‐12, Ch‐SIT‐12, and B‐SITC) were used to test the olfactory function in all participants. Furthermore, demographic and clinical data were collected. Results. There was no significant difference between three olfactory tests in patients with PD (B‐SITC vs. SIT‐12: P = 0.508; Ch‐SIT‐12 vs. B‐SITC: P = 0.146; and SIT‐12 vs. Ch‐SIT‐12: P = 0.375). Tremor‐dominant (TD) subtypes have better olfactory function than akinetic‐rigid dominant (ARD) subtypes when using Ch‐SIT‐12 (77.8% vs. 29.6%, P = 0.019) or B‐SITC (55.6% vs. 14.8%, P = 0.026). There was a statistical difference between the PD and MSA using Ch‐SIT‐12 to test the olfactory function (P = 0.046). Conclusions. Our results indicated that SIT‐12, Ch‐SIT‐12 and B‐SITC can be used for the detection of olfactory dysfunction in Chinese population of PD. TD subtypes may have better olfactory function than ARD subtypes. In addition, Ch‐SIT‐12 may be used to differentiate PD from MSA, but that should be confirmed in a larger population.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

China’s Modified Version of Sniffin’ Sticks 12‐Identification Test Used in Chinese Parkinson’s Disease and Multiple System Patients: Comparison of Three Olfactory Testing Methods

Liu,

Du,

et al. 2024

Parkinson's Disease

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“…The smell identification test specifically for the Chinese population (CSIT) was developed by the Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, to evaluate olfactory function. 11 , 12 It was adapted from the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT), which is widely used internationally, for use in the Chinese context. In the first part, patient information, including smoking status, alcohol consumption, medical history, and current drug use, was recorded.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smell loss is associated with cognitive impairment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients

Huang,

Wu,

Zhang

et al. 2024

CNS Neurosci Ther

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BackgroundSmell loss significantly impacts the quality of life in patients. However, there is limited research on smell loss in individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and the correlation between smell loss and cognitive impairment is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between smell loss and cognition impairment in ALS patients.MethodsThe study included 216 ALS patients. The Edinburgh Cognitive and Behavioural ALS Screen (ECAS) and smell identification test specifically for the Chinese population (CSIT) were administered to evaluate participants' cognitive and olfactory function, respectively.ResultsAfter covarying for age, sex, BMI, education level, degree of hunger, dietary bias, eagerness for food, stress, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) or rhinitis, CSIT scores were significantly correlated with ECAS scores (r = 0.162, p = 0.028), especially the ALS‐specific scores (r = 0.158, p = 0.031). Even after excluding patients with URTI or rhinitis, the results were similar. CSIT scores were significantly correlated with ECAS scores (r = 0.224, p = 0.011), especially the ALS‐specific scores (r = 0.205, p = 0.019).ConclusionIn patients with ALS, smell loss is significantly correlated with cognitive impairment, particularly frontotemporal dysfunction. Cognitive dysfunction may lead to worse olfactory performance in ALS patients.

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“…Several smell identification tests have been developed to measure olfactory function, including the most frequently applied University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT), the Connecticut (Wang et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2022). A previous study demonstrated that a CSIT examination containing 40 odors could be potentially applied to improve the detection sensitivity of Parkinson's disease using an optimal threshold value of 22.5, yielding a sensitivity and a specificity of 71.1 and 89.3%, respectively (Xing et al, 2021). Moreover, the 40-odor CSIT was also applied to Chinese participants with cognitive decline and showed good performance in differentiating patients with MCI and patients with AD from normal aging adults based on a relatively small sample; the CSIT score was strongly correlated with volumes of the left precentral gyrus, the inferior frontal gyrus, and the amygdala measured using imaging techniques (Wu et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The CSIT has been used in assessing the olfactory identification function of patients with major depressive disorder and the inherited metabolic disease Alström syndrome (Wang et al, 2020 ; Zhang et al, 2022 ). A previous study demonstrated that a CSIT examination containing 40 odors could be potentially applied to improve the detection sensitivity of Parkinson's disease using an optimal threshold value of 22.5, yielding a sensitivity and a specificity of 71.1 and 89.3%, respectively (Xing et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfactory function changes and the predictive performance of the Chinese Smell Identification Test in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease

et al. 2023

Front. Aging Neurosci.

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ObjectivesOlfactory disorder is one of the sensory features that reflects a decline in cognitive function. However, olfactory changes and the discernibility of smell testing in the aging population have yet to be fully elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effectiveness of the Chinese Smell Identification Test (CSIT) in distinguishing individuals with cognitive decline from those with normal aging and to determine whether the patients with MCI and AD show changes in their olfactory identification abilities.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included eligible participants aged over 50 years between October 2019 and December 2021. The participants were divided into three groups: individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and cognitively normal controls (NCs). All participants were assessed using neuropsychiatric scales, the Activity of Daily Living scale, and the 16-odor cognitive state test (CSIT) test. The test scores and the severity of olfactory impairment were also recorded for each participant.ResultsIn total, 366 eligible participants were recruited, including 188 participants with MCI, 42 patients with AD, and 136 NCs. Patients with MCI achieved a mean CSIT score of 13.06 ± 2.05, while patients with AD achieved a mean score of 11.38 ± 3.25. These scores were significantly lower than those of the NC group (14.6 ± 1.57; P < 0.001). An analysis showed that 19.9% of NCs exhibited mild olfactory impairment, while 52.7% of patients with MCI and 69% of patients with AD exhibited mild to severe olfactory impairment. The CSIT score was positively correlated with the MoCA and MMSE scores. The CIST score and the severity of olfactory impairment were identified as robust indicators for MCI and AD, even after adjusting for age, gender, and level of education. Age and educational level were identified as two important confounding factors that influence cognitive function. However, no significant interactive effects were observed between these confounders and CIST scores in determining the risk of MCI. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) generated from the ROC analysis was 0.738 and 0.813 in distinguishing patients with MCI and patients with AD from NCs based on the CIST scores, respectively. The optimal cutoff for distinguishing MCI from NCs was 13, and for distinguishing AD from NCs was 11. The AUC for distinguishing AD from MCI was 0.62.ConclusionsThe olfactory identification function is frequently affected in patients with MCI and patients with AD. CSIT is a beneficial tool for the early screening of cognitive impairment among elderly patients with cognitive or memory issues.

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Using the Chinese Smell Identification Test to explore olfactory function in Parkinson’s disease

Cited by 8 publications

References 34 publications

China’s Modified Version of Sniffin’ Sticks 12‐Identification Test Used in Chinese Parkinson’s Disease and Multiple System Patients: Comparison of Three Olfactory Testing Methods

China’s Modified Version of Sniffin’ Sticks 12‐Identification Test Used in Chinese Parkinson’s Disease and Multiple System Patients: Comparison of Three Olfactory Testing Methods

Smell loss is associated with cognitive impairment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients

Olfactory function changes and the predictive performance of the Chinese Smell Identification Test in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease

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