2016
DOI: 10.1007/s10802-016-0151-y
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Using the Diffusion Model to Explain Cognitive Deficits in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Abstract: Slow, variable, and error-prone performance on speeded reaction time (RT) tasks has been well documented in childhood ADHD, but equally well documented is the context-dependent nature of those deficits, particularly with respect to event rate. As event rates increase (or, as the interstimulus intervals become shorter), RTs decrease, a pattern of performance that has long been interpreted as evidence that cognitive deficits in ADHD are a downstream consequence of a fundamental difficulty in the regulation of ar… Show more

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citations
Cited by 62 publications
(83 citation statements)
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References 68 publications
(86 reference statements)
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“…As such, our results contradict claims that a single mechanism, either phonological or sensory, can be considered the "fundamental" or "core" deficit of dyslexia. In particular, our work opposes the recent claim that the majority of individuals with dyslexia have a magnocellular processing deficit (Stein, 2018); if the DDM is accepted as a reasonable model of behavior on the motion discrimination task-a starting point with considerable basis (Huang-Pollock et al, 2017;Palmer et al, 2005;Ratcliff & McKoon, 2008)-then we conclude that a minority of children with dyslexia are best modeled as having a motion encoding deficit.…”
Section: Discussioncontrasting
confidence: 98%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…As such, our results contradict claims that a single mechanism, either phonological or sensory, can be considered the "fundamental" or "core" deficit of dyslexia. In particular, our work opposes the recent claim that the majority of individuals with dyslexia have a magnocellular processing deficit (Stein, 2018); if the DDM is accepted as a reasonable model of behavior on the motion discrimination task-a starting point with considerable basis (Huang-Pollock et al, 2017;Palmer et al, 2005;Ratcliff & McKoon, 2008)-then we conclude that a minority of children with dyslexia are best modeled as having a motion encoding deficit.…”
Section: Discussioncontrasting
confidence: 98%
“…In order to separate the contributions of sensory encoding of visual motion from non-sensory aspects of the decision-making process, we revisit a widely used measure of visual motion sensitivity (random dot motion discrimination) with a mathematical modeling approach. The drift diffusion model (DDM) estimates the generating function that corresponds to an individual's pattern of responses and reaction times on a task (Ratcliff & McKoon, 2008), and has been previously used to understand how cognitive mechanisms associated with aging (Ratcliff, Thapar, & McKoon, 2004), ADHD (Huang-Pollock et al, 2017), and development (Ratcliff, Love, Thompson, & Opfer, 2012) manifest in psychophysical task performance. The model has been extensively used to describe decision-making on the motion discrimination task (Gold & Shadlen, 2007;Palmer, Huk, & Shadlen, 2005;Shadlen, Hanks, Churchland, Kiani, & Yang, 2013), and many of its assumptions are validated by electrophysiological work in non-human primates (Shadlen & Newsome, 2001).…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Huang-Pollock, Karalunas, Tam & Moore, 2012; Karalunas, Huang-Pollock & Nigg, 2012; Karalunas & Huang-Pollock, 2013; Metin et al, 2013; Weigard & Huang-Pollock, 2014, in review), arise from a fundamental inability to meet the metabolic demands of firing neurons (Killeen, 2013; Killeen, Russell & Sergeant, 2013; Huang-Pollock, Ratcliff, McKoon, Shapiro, Weigard, & Galloway-Long, in review). Here, the mean drift rate among children with ADHD was non-significantly slower during training blocks, but when the cognitive (and presumably metabolic) demands of the task increased with the advent of the transfer block, strong group differences in drift appeared.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Measures of EEA display clear trait-like properties 23 , and lower levels of EEA have been repeatedly linked to externalizing psychopathologies comorbid with substance use 24,25 . Furthermore, EEA may underlie individual differences in performance of working memory and response inhibition tasks [26][27][28] , suggesting EEA could explain previously identified prospective links between features of both types of tasks and substance use.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 90%
“…As detailed in our prior study 29 , DDM parameters were estimated following methods established in a previous extension of the DDM to the go/no-go task 26,35 using functions from the R package rtdists 36 . To enhance parameter recovery, we fit a simplified version of the DDM that included only the following parameters (which are described in more detail in Figure 1…”
Section: Eea Measurementioning
confidence: 99%