Using the Shallow Strain Tensor to Characterize Deep Geologic Reservoirs

Abstract

Storing and recovering water, carbon, and heat from geologic reservoirs is central to managing resources in a changing climate. We tested the hypothesis that the strain tensor caused by injecting or producing fluids can be measured at shallow depths and interpreted to advance understanding of underlying deep aquifers or reservoirs. Geodetic‐grade strainmeters were deployed at 30 m depth overlying the Bartlesville Formation, a 500‐m‐deep sandstone near Tulsa, OK. The strainmeters are 220 m east of injection well 9A completed in a permeable lens at the base of the Bartlesville Formation. Water was injected into well 9A at approximately 1.0 L/s during four tests that ranged in duration from a few hours to a few weeks. The horizontal strain increased (tension) and the circumferential strain was a few times larger than the radial strain. The vertical strain decreased (compression) during injection. Strain rates were approximately 100 nε/day during the first few hours, but the rates decreased and were approximately 10 nε/day during most of the tests. Four independent methods of poroelastic simulation and inversion predict reservoir properties and geometries that are similar to each other and consistent with independent information about the reservoir. All strain interpretations predict that a boundary to the permeable lens occurs beneath the vicinity of the strainmeters, which is consistent with core data from the site. The boundary of the permeable lens is located by matching the vertical, radial and circumferential strains, which demonstrates the value of measuring the strain tensor.

Mechanical and Structural Correlation of Lateritic Soil Road Base Stabilized with Cement and Selected Biochars

“…Burning sugarcane bagasse and saw dust leads to the degradation of the air quality and the emission of harmful combustion products such as Volatile Organic Carbons (VOCs) and carbon monoxide (CO). In addition, sugarcane and fertilizer waste turn into nitrate reducing water oxygen content thus negatively impacting marine life [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. Agricultural pollution is a main source of air and water pollution.…”

Poroelastic Response to Karst Conduit Pressurization: A Finite Element Modeling Exercise Toward the Use of Tiltmeters in Karst Aquifer Monitoring Applications

“…Some studies have partially addressed geodetics and poroelasticity through numerical modeling of the pressure source while neglecting flow through the porous matrix (e.g., Braitenberg et al, 2019;Jacob et al, 2010;Longuevergne et al, 2009). Although, other studies have considered fully coupled poroelastic models (e.g., Hisz et al, 2013;Murdoch et al, 2021Murdoch et al, , 2023Schuite et al, 2017;Tsai, 2011;Weise et al, 1999). This paper explores the poroelastic response to karst conduit pressurization in an idealized 2D cross-sectional finite element model implemented in COMSOL Multiphysics ® (v. 6.0) (COMSOL, 2021).…”

“…Some studies have partially addressed geodetics and poroelasticity through numerical modeling of the pressure source while neglecting flow through the porous matrix (e.g., Braitenberg et al., 2019; Jacob et al., 2010; Longuevergne et al., 2009). Although, other studies have considered fully coupled poroelastic models (e.g., Hisz et al., 2013; Murdoch et al., 2021, 2023; Schuite et al., 2017; Tsai, 2011; Weise et al., 1999).…”

Designing a Desirable House with consideration of Strengthening the Sense of Peace of the Residents

“…On the other hand, the phenomenon of light in general and daylight, in particular, is one of the most basic physical and psychological needs of humans. Studies show that intensity, type of source, color, direction, and distribution of light in different environments of human activity may affect behavior, mood, productivity, and efficiency largely [11]. In architectural spaces, the lighting environment is an important factor in physiological and psychological effects.…”