Using token reinforcement to increase walking for adults with intellectual disabilities

Krentz, Haley; Miltenberger, Raymond G.; Valbuena, Diego

doi:10.1002/jaba.326

Cited by 27 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…First, during the token reinforcer assessment, we demonstrated that tokens functioned as reinforcers for all participants. These results provide empirical support for the use of token schedules with these individuals and contributes to the body of evidence, more broadly, of the effectiveness of token reinforcement with clinical populations (e.g., Eluri et al, ; Krentz et al, ; Tarbox et al, ). Although tokens are often assumed to function as reinforcers, empirical demonstrations of the reinforcing effect of tokens is relatively uncommon in applied research and practice (Hackenberg, ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

“…Third, the token exchange schedule specifies the cost of terminal reinforcers in terms of tokens. Krentz, Miltenberger, and Valbuena (), for example, used a token economy to increase walking for adults with intellectual disabilities. Experimenters delivered a token to the participant for each lap completed (i.e., token production schedule).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A comparison of token and tandem schedules of reinforcement on response patterns for adolescents with autism

Glodowski

Bourret

Ivy

et al. 2019

Behavioral Interventions

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Token schedules of reinforcement are ubiquitous in clinical settings, yet little research has thoroughly evaluated the effects of token schedules on responding in clinical settings. Basic research has shown token schedules of reinforcement produce lower response rates and larger pre-ratio pauses compared to tandem schedules. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether the same effects are produced with adolescents with autism or related disorders. We examined response patterns under otherwise identical FR token and FR tandem schedules. Tokens suppressed responding for one participant only under high schedule values and for a second participant under common clinical schedule values; no difference in responding occurred between token and tandem schedules for two participants. These results support the systematic evaluation of token schedules of reinforcement in clinical settings. Additional applied research is needed on token schedules to further our understanding of the underlying mechanisms that contribute to the overall effectiveness of token economies. K E Y W O R D S autism, fixed-ratio schedule, tandem schedule, token economy, token schedule

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of token and tandem schedules of reinforcement on response patterns for adolescents with autism

Glodowski

Bourret

Ivy

et al. 2019

Behavioral Interventions

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“…LaLonde et al () used goal setting and a low‐cost prize‐based incentive intervention to increase steps taken during the school day among individuals diagnosed with autism, whereas Krentz et al () used a token economy to increase walking in individuals with intellectual disabilities during a day program. The current study was the first to examine a token economy for increasing steps in the context of a residential group home setting, where the intervention was carried out anytime the participant was in the group home and there were staff available to deliver tokens.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…LaLonde, MacNeill, Eversole, Ragotzy, and Poling () used goal setting and a low‐cost prize‐based incentive intervention to increase steps taken during the school day among individuals diagnosed with autism. Finally, Krentz, Miltenberger, and Valbuena () used a token economy to increase walking among individuals with intellectual disabilities during a day program, and reported that the cost of the back‐up reinforcers ranged from $0.59 to $1.74 per day across participants, suggesting a relatively low‐cost approach. To the best of our knowledge, no previous studies have evaluated the use of a token economy to increase physical activity with adults diagnosed with intellectual or developmental disabilities in a residential living environment where it could be tracked throughout the entire day, rather than over a prescribed period of time.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Token‐economy‐based contingency management increases daily steps in adults with developmental disabilities

Nastasi

Sheppard

Raiff

2020

Behavioral Interventions

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Adults with developmental disabilities are less likely to meet physical activity guidelines than typically developing counterparts. Contingency management (CM) interventions increase physical activity in sedentary adults. The current study systematically replicated previous research among sedentary adults diagnosed with developmental disabilities living in a residential group home, using a token economy in the context of a CM intervention. Using a changing criterion design, participants (N = 4) were given tokens contingent on meeting increasing step goals over 8 weeks, tracked via a Fitbit Flex™. CM increased the number of steps substantially for three of four participants. These findings extend previous research supporting the use of token-based CM interventions for increasing daily steps among individuals with developmental disabilities. Because the current study was conducted in a residential group home setting, it may offer a long-term sustainable approach to improving the health of some individuals living with developmental disabilities.

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“…In addition, behavior analytic researchers have demonstrated how demand curve analyses can be successfully utilized as a conceptual and analytical paradigm for developing and evaluating public policy (e.g., Grant, 2007;Hursh & Roma, 2013). Finally, researchers using feedback and incentive-based strategies have already demonstrated behavior change across several of the five horsemen such as climate change (Foxx & Hake, 1977;Foxx & Schaeffer, 1981;Frazer & Leslie, 2014), and prevention of chronic disease and obesity (e.g., Krentz, Miltenberger, & Valbuena, 2016;Kurti & Dallery, 2013;Wengreen, Madden, Aguilar, Smits, & Jones, 2013). In addition, Biglan (2015) has illuminated how behavioral principles can aid in prevention and influence policy in many areas of society relevant to the horsemen.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing Coalitions for Effective Action: The Five Horsemen of the Modern World: Climate, Food, Water, Disease, and Obesity

Cox

2016

Behav. Soc. Iss.

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Our culture has produced the science and technology it needs to save itself. It has the wealth needed for effective action (Skinner, 1971).The "five horsemen of the modern world" are climate change, food shortages, clean water shortages, chronic disease, and obesity. Cofounder and former president of the Hastings Centera biomedical research organization-Daniel Callahan covers each of these horsemen in his new book titled: The Five Horsemen of the Modern World. Each topic has a unique history bridging the often tenuous relationship between science and public policy. According to Callahan, however, the horsemen share a single feature: Problems arising from climate change, food and water shortages, chronic disease, and obesity are getting worse despite several decades of expensive and concerted efforts to mitigate or eradicate them.Peppered with facts and vetted by experts, part one of the book reviews how we arrived at our current state. The information presented allows an interested behavior analyst to detect and understand ideological splits, relevant academic and research disciplines, specialized university programs, meetings, organizations, and pertinent journals. By providing all of this information in one location, Callahan helps anyone new to the depth of each topic to catch up quickly so they can begin to participate more fully. Behavior analysts hoping to increase their impact for any one of these problems would benefit greatly from the information in part one."Examining the pathways through the thickets" fittingly titles part two of the book. In each chapter of this section, Callahan covers familiar pathways to solving societal problems. These include increased use and advances in technology; changes in public policy, public opinion and media; and regulation via law and governance. Compounding the thickets is an ever-growing and increasingly aged population. Population dynamics exacerbate the five problems by requiring the development of novel solutions as well as demanding more from existing solutions. For behavior analysts interested in any one of the pathways, each chapter provides an overview of the disciplines that span policy and regulation, through academic research. In addition, Callahan provides substantial references to some of the current researchers and people involved with advances in technology, public policy, media, law, and governance. Where part one provided the outsider with relevant history, part two provides the outsider with current interventions and active players.

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Using token reinforcement to increase walking for adults with intellectual disabilities

Cited by 27 publications

References 5 publications

A comparison of token and tandem schedules of reinforcement on response patterns for adolescents with autism

A comparison of token and tandem schedules of reinforcement on response patterns for adolescents with autism

Token‐economy‐based contingency management increases daily steps in adults with developmental disabilities

Developing Coalitions for Effective Action: The Five Horsemen of the Modern World: Climate, Food, Water, Disease, and Obesity

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