Usnea antarctica (James Ross Island, Antarctica) and Usnea subfloridana (Uludağ, Turkey) Incorporated Hybrid Nanoflowers with Their Intrinsic Catalytic and Antimicrobial Activities

Abstract

Herein, we used lichen extracts, for the first time, in formation of organic-inorganic nanoflowers and we utilized them as novel nanobiocatalyst and antimicrobial agents. Two lichen species, Usnea Antarctica (U. Antarctica) and Usnea subfloridana (U. subfloridana) were collected from James Ross Island (Artarctica Peninsula, Antarctica) and from Uludağ National park (Bursa, Turkey), respectively and both species were separately extracted in methanol and water. In terms of nanoflower synthesis, the extracts were used as organic components and copper (II) ions (Cu 2 + ) acted as inorganic components for formation of U. antarctica and U. subfloridana based hybrid nanoflowers (hNFs). The peroxidase mimic catalytic and antibacterial activities of the hNFs were systematically examined towards model substrate and bacteria strains, respectively via Fenton reaction mechanism. We demonstrated how the types of lichens and their extracts prepared in methanol and water influence morphologies, catalytic and antibacterial activities of the hNFs. We found that no 2 hNFs formed from U. subfloridana extract prepared in water exhibited highly enhanced catalytic activity owing to its uniform, more compact and porous flower-like structures with high surface-to-volume ratio. We expect that lichens extracts based hNFs with great catalytic activities can be promisingly alternative against enzymes and used in various scientific and technical fields.

Natural Molecule‐Incorporated Magnetic Organic‐Inorganic Nanoflower: Investigation of Its Dual Fenton Reaction‐Dependent Enzyme‐Like Catalytic Activities with Cyclic Use

“…GANF was synthesized according to the reported approach. [7,42,43] Briefly, an aqueous solution of CuSO4 (120 mM, 66 μL) was added to 10 mL phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution (10 mM, pH 7.2) containing 0.02 mg/mL gallic acid. After the incubation at 25 °C for 3 days, the mixture was centrifıged to collect the precipitates formed at the bottom.…”

“…Synthesis of GANF . GANF was synthesized according to the reported approach [7,42,43] . Briefly, an aqueous solution of CuSO4 (120 mM, 66 μL) was added to 10 mL phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution (10 mM, pH 7.2) containing 0.02 mg/mL gallic acid.…”

Role of pretty nanoflowers as novel versatile analytical tools for sensing in biomedical and bioanalytical applications

“…The researchers recently have used non-protein molecules as an alternative to enzymes to produce the NFs with intrinsic peroxidase-like activities. [20][21][22] Enzymes are still the most widely studied organic components for the production of the NFs with different metal ions. [23][24][25][26] Enzyme-inorganic hybrid NFs (hNFs) have exhibited several fold increase in catalytic activities compared to free enzymes and conventionally immobilized enzymes owing to favorable enzyme conformation, porous structure and high surface area.…”

“…These hybrid NMs called “Nanoflowers (NFs)” consisting of generally enzymes as organic component and copper (II) ions (Cu 2+ ) as inorganic component have showed greatly enhanced catalytic activities and stabilities. The researchers recently have used non‐protein molecules as an alternative to enzymes to produce the NFs with intrinsic peroxidase‐like activities 20–22 . Enzymes are still the most widely studied organic components for the production of the NFs with different metal ions 23–26 .…”

Formation of Umbilicaria decussata (Antarctic and Turkey) Extracts Based Nanoflowers with Their Peroxidase Mimic, Dye Degradation and Antimicrobial Properties

“…Non-enzymes molecules including amino acids, standard plant molecules and plant extracts have been logically used in formation of NFs and their intrinsic peroxidase-like activities were exhibited. [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] For instance, Wu et al (2016) used 20 natural amino acids as organic components for formation of NFs and demonstrated how their peroxidase like activities vary based upon R groups of amino acids. In addition to that the NFs formed using whole plant extracts were reported by and .…”