“…Notably, Portland Cement emits 1 ton of CO 2 for every ton produced (29,82), highlighting the environmental impact of conventional binders. Studies (14,15,17,18,(44)(45)(46)48,(83)(84)(85) have delved into various alternative binders, encompassing fly ash, ground blast furnace slag (GBFS), silica fume (SF), alkali-activated fly ash (AAFA), bottom ash (BA), and the utilization of geopolymer cements derived from slag. These alternative binders present significant potential for advancing sustainable construction practices.…”