Utilidad de la pupilometría dinámica en el control de alcoholemia de los conductores

Abstract

Resumen AbstractPupillometry is becoming a relevant tool in Vision Sciences. So far, only a few studies have explored the relationship between pupil reflex measures and drug consumption. The aim of this study was to assess the applicability of dynamic mesopic pupillometry as an objective measurement method for the detection of blood alcohol levels above the legal limit. In a quasiexperimental design, 19 volunteers were asked to participate in two conditions (before and after alcohol intake). In session with alcohol intake, participants were asked to consume 27.5 ml of alcohol in 60 minute intervals for four hours. Pupillometry records were conducted by means of the Power Refractor II, using four types of light stimulation: white (5600 K), blue (450 nm), green (510 nm) and red (600 nm). The basal diameter of the pupil increased significantly for alcohol concentrations equal to or greater than 0.25 mg/l in exhaled breath. Moreover, the value of the amplitude for red light constriction also provided significant differences between the two conditions. These results are promising in the search for new methods to detect illegal alcohol levels among drivers. This study demonstrates that basal pupil diameter increase and amplitude response could be used as an alcohol consumption level indicator. However, further studies are necessary to validate this and other diagnose methods complementary to breathalyzer and other drugs tests.

Contrast sensitivity and retinal straylight after alcohol consumption: effects on driving performance

“…Alcohol has been detected in the tear film, leading to a decrease in tear breakup time (TBUT) 42 . This change in tear film composition has been suggested to be one of the main factors affecting intraocular scattering and retinal image quality following alcohol consumption, along with the increased pupil size observed under these conditions 19,43 . As intraocular scattering and retinal straylight are closely related, an increase in the opacities and irregularities of the ocular media leads to increased retinal straylight 44 .…”

Pupillary behavior in relation to wavelength and age

“…Data was obtained every 0.04 s (25 measurements per second), and analyzed using a specially-designed software application ( Cabanillas software ), developed in java swing code (Sun Microsystems, USA), that parses the data and calculates the required variables into compiled CSV files (Lobato-Rincón et al, 2013 ). The algorithmic method of the datapath uses backtracking, which allows optimum data finding and non-matching data rejection, such as invalid measurements and noise.…”

“…It behaves, therefore, as a servomechanism as the two C-ANS pathways (parasympathetic and sympathetic) act in a complementary fashion. Thus, an imbalance between them can result in a pupillary light reflex defect which, in turn, may be used as an indicator of certain diseases (Fotiou et al, 2007b ; Jain et al, 2011 ) and drug consumption (Monticelli et al, 2009 ; Lobato-Rincón et al, 2013 ). Additionally, pupil pathways are wired up to respond specifically to different features of a visual stimulus, such as coherent motion (Sahraie and Barbur, 1997 ), color (Young et al, 1993 ; Tsujimura et al, 2006 ), variations in the levels of contrast, as well as frequency and luminance of a light stimulus (Link et al, 2006 ; Carle et al, 2013 ).…”

Interdevice Agreement between a Smartphone and a Commercial Pupillometer

“…It assists in capturing the pupillary light reflex (PLR) or the pupil’s initial constriction and subsequent dilation in response to a light stimulus. Various commercially available pupillometers have been shown to provide useful information in a variety of clinical situations, which include Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease,[ 1 ] isolated third nerve palsy,[ 2 ] traumatic brain injury,[ 3 4 5 6 ] autism spectrum disorder,[ 7 8 9 10 ] evaluation of alcohol and drug intoxication,[ 11 12 13 14 ] Horner’s syndrome,[ 15 ] and diabetic retinopathy. [ 16 17 ] Commercial pupillometers use infrared light to assess dynamic pupillary characteristics, which broadens their applicability to patients with a range of iris colors and lighting conditions.…”