Utilisation of plug‐in electric vehicles for frequency regulation of multi‐area thermal interconnected power system

Abstract

The application of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) is assumed to be wide in power system in regulating the system frequency in the near future. This paper provides an aggregate model of an interconnected multi-area thermal system with the incorporation of PEVs for frequency control in each of the three areas. Two degree of freedom proportional-integral-derivative (2DOF-PID) controller has been utilised for robust secondary control in all the three control areas. An optimisation technique inspired by nature named as wind-driven optimisation (WDO) technique is employed to decide the optimal values of the controller gains. The effectiveness of WDO optimised 2DOF-PID controller is verified by performing various comparative analysis with conventional PID controller under nominal system condition and random loading condition. An analysis has also been carried out to evaluate the system performance with variation in state of the integrated PEVs. The impact of introducing PEVs in the system in frequency regulation has been vigorously studied under different system conditions such as nominal, random loading condition, and simultaneous perturbation in two and three areas to testify their advantages. The comparisons reveal that with the integration of PEVs in the system, the system dynamics gets enhanced to a large extent.

Discrete Spectrum Iteration Based Comprehensive Stability Assessment Method for the Delayed Cyber-Physical System With Electric-Vehicle Frequency Regulation

“…Thus the SOCs of the aggregated EVs are assumed to be constant in analyzing, i.e., the aggregated EVs are considered to have the EV gain EV K , and the time constants of EVs are identical and denoted as EV T . An EV aggregator including a large number of EVs with cyber delay considered can be modeled as the following first-order transfer function [19]- [22]:…”

Load frequency control of multi‐source electrical power system integrated with solar‐thermal and electric vehicle

“…A frequency band limit is chosen to avoid such a situation. Multi‐area thermal system with the adoption of plug‐in EVs to maintain frequency is analysed by 11 . Arindita et al 12 proposed an EV using cascaded controller with time delay LFC system.…”

Effect of electric vehicles on load frequency control in interconnected thermal and hydrothermal power systems utilising CF‐FOIDF controller

“…DES replies on sensing imbalance in power demandedgenerated and aids synchronous generators to meet the obligations instantaneously. After the penetration of PHEV in the grid, intensive work has been registered so far regarding LFC [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. In [1], EVs enhance LFC of the 2-area wind-thermal system with imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA) optimised fuzzy controller.…”

“…In [2,3], an aggregate model of EV fleets is utilised for LFC in restructured 3-area hydro-thermal-gas PS using flower pollination algorithm based fractional order (FO) controller. In [4], EVs with wind-driven optimisation (WDO) technique optimised two degree of freedom proportional-integral-derivative (2DOF-PID) controller are utilised for robust frequency control in 3-area thermal system. [5] recommends a coordinated control of PHEVs, photovoltaic (PV) generators and energy storage systems (ESSs) for frequency control in a centralised model predictive control (CMPC) based microgrid.…”