Utility of a Three‐Item Smell Identification Test in Detecting Olfactory Dysfunction

Jackman, Alexis H.; Doty, Richard L.

doi:10.1097/01.mlg.0000183194.17484.bb

Cited by 103 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Whereas previous studies focused on even shorter sets of three odors in the Sniffin' Sticks or UPSIT,9, 10, 11, 12, 13 in our analysis six to eight odors emerged as the smallest number with equal performance as the entire set. In line with previous evidence,25 this argues against the concept of selective anosmia in PD 13.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 58%

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Optimizing odor identification testing as quick and accurate diagnostic tool for Parkinson's disease

Mahlknecht

Pechlaner²,

Boesveldt

et al. 2016

Mov Disord.

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IntroductionThe aim of this study was to evaluate odor identification testing as a quick, cheap, and reliable tool to identify PD.MethodsOdor identification with the 16‐item Sniffin' Sticks test (SS‐16) was assessed in a total of 646 PD patients and 606 controls from three European centers (A, B, and C), as well as 75 patients with atypical parkinsonism or essential tremor and in a prospective cohort of 24 patients with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (center A). Reduced odor sets most discriminative for PD were determined in a discovery cohort derived from a random split of PD patients and controls from center A using L1‐regularized logistic regression. Diagnostic accuracy was assessed in the rest of the patients/controls as validation cohorts.ResultsOlfactory performance was lower in PD patients compared with controls and non‐PD patients in all cohorts (each P < 0.001). Both the full SS‐16 and a subscore of the top eight discriminating odors (SS‐8) were associated with an excellent discrimination of PD from controls (areas under the curve ≥0.90; sensitivities ≥83.3%; specificities ≥82.0%) and from non‐PD patients (areas under the curve ≥0.91; sensitivities ≥84.1%; specificities ≥84.0%) in all cohorts. This remained unchanged when patients with >3 years of disease duration were excluded from analysis. All 8 incident PD cases among patients with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder were predicted with the SS‐16 and the SS‐8 (sensitivity, 100%; positive predictive value, 61.5%).ConclusionsOdor identification testing provides excellent diagnostic accuracy in the distinction of PD patients from controls and diagnostic mimics. A reduced set of eight odors could be used as a quick tool in the workup of patients presenting with parkinsonism and for PD risk indication. © 2016 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 58%

“…Both tests are time‐consuming, and olfactory testing is rarely performed in clinical routine. Most of existing shortened versions of odor identification tests were not specifically developed for PD patients, nor were any of these tests properly validated 9, 10, 11, 12, 13…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing odor identification testing as quick and accurate diagnostic tool for Parkinson's disease

Mahlknecht

Pechlaner²,

Boesveldt

et al. 2016

Mov Disord.

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“…31 This is not surprising considering that few validated tests exist for physicians to use in the assessment of smell function. 32 The most common known etiologies for anosmia are nasal/sinus congestion, upper respiratory tract infection, current smoking, head trauma, stroke, and epilepsy. 23,[33][34][35] Some investigators theorize that olfactory declines may be a consequence of autoimmune mechanisms 36 or neurodegenerative diseases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A possible correlation between vitamin D deficiency and loss of smell: 2 case reports

Kruse¹,

Cambron

2011

Journal of Chiropractic Medicine

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Objective: The purpose of this report is to present 2 cases of diminished olfaction that improved with increasing serum levels of vitamin D3. Clinical Features: Both patients were under the care of medical and chiropractic physicians for various complaints. A 47-year-old hyposmic woman was diagnosed with vitamin D deficiency who incidentally noticed a progressive return of her sense of smell while taking vitamin D supplements as prescribed by her medical doctor. A 34-year-old anosmic woman noticed a direct relationship with her ability to smell and vitamin D3 supplementation. Intervention and Outcome: Treatment for the first patient consisted of vitamin D supplementation of 10 000 IU a day. Her serum D3 levels increased substantially over a period of 8 months, at which time she reported a marked improvement in her sense of smell. The second patient was prescribed 50 000 IU of vitamin D a week; and she reported an increased ability to smell, although only the strongest of odors. Conclusion: A link between hypovitaminosis D and a diminished sense of smell was noted in these 2 individuals.

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“…Participants avoided scented products and had a meal 30 minutes before the visit. After participants consented, their eligibility was confirmed by using anosmia 23 The procedures included a baseline assessment, stress battery, and post-stress assessment (Fig. 2).…”

Section: Laboratory Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aroma Effects on Physiologic and Cognitive Function Following Acute Stress: A Mechanism Investigation

Chamine

Oken

2016

The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine

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Objective: Aromas may improve physiologic and cognitive function after stress, but associated mechanisms remain unknown. This study evaluated the effects of lavender aroma, which is commonly used for stress reduction, on physiologic and cognitive functions. The contribution of pharmacologic, hedonic, and expectancyrelated mechanisms of the aromatherapy effects was evaluated. Methods: Ninety-two healthy adults (mean age, 58.0 years; 79.3% women) were randomly assigned to three aroma groups (lavender, perceptible placebo [coconut], and nonperceptible placebo [water] and to two prime subgroups (primed, with a suggestion of inhaling a powerful stress-reducing aroma, or no prime). Participants' performance on a battery of cognitive tests, physiologic responses, and subjective stress were evaluated at baseline and after exposure to a stress battery during which aromatherapy was present. Participants also rated the intensity and pleasantness of their assigned aroma. Results: Pharmacologic effects of lavender but not placebo aromas significantly benefited post-stress performance on the working memory task (F (2, 86) = 5.41; p = 0.006). Increased expectancy due to positive prime, regardless of aroma type, facilitated post-stress performance on the processing speed task (F (1, 87) = 8.31; p = 0.005). Aroma hedonics (pleasantness and intensity) played a role in the beneficial lavender effect on working memory and physiologic function. Conclusions: The observable aroma effects were produced by a combination of mechanisms involving aromaspecific pharmacologic properties, aroma hedonic properties, and participant expectations. In the future, each of these mechanisms could be manipulated to produce optimal functioning.

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Utility of a Three‐Item Smell Identification Test in Detecting Olfactory Dysfunction

Cited by 103 publications

References 13 publications

Optimizing odor identification testing as quick and accurate diagnostic tool for Parkinson's disease

Optimizing odor identification testing as quick and accurate diagnostic tool for Parkinson's disease

A possible correlation between vitamin D deficiency and loss of smell: 2 case reports

Aroma Effects on Physiologic and Cognitive Function Following Acute Stress: A Mechanism Investigation

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