Utility of Activated Glassy Carbon and Pencil Graphite Electrodes for Voltammetric Determination of Nalbuphine Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical and Biological Fluids

Abstract

This work compares voltammetric response of nalbuphine hydrochloride (NP⋅HCl) at both activated glassy carbon and pencil graphite electrodes. The electrochemical oxidation of the drug was studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and square wave voltammetry (SWV) techniques. For analytical purpose a well-resolved irreversible diffusion controlled voltammetric peak was established in Britton-Robinson (B-R) buffer solution of pH 6.00 using pencil graphite electrode (PGE). Using activated glassy carbon electrode (GCE) a well-resolved irreversible diffusion controlled voltammetric peak was obtained at pH 7.00 using the same buffer solution. According to the linear relationship between the peak current and NP⋅HCl concentration, DPV and SWV methods were developed for their quantitative determination in pharmaceutical and human biological fluids. The linear response was obtained in the range from 1.6×10 −5 to 1.5×10 −4 mol L −1 using PGE and from 12.5×10 −6 to 13.75 × 10 −5 mol L −1 using a GC electrode, respectively. Precision and accuracy of the developed method were checked by recovery studies.

Pencil Graphite Electrodes: A Versatile Tool in Electroanalysis

“…PGEs were pretreated potentiostatically by maintaining the electrode in an electrolyte for more than 30 s at a selected potential higher than 1.3 V [ 9 , 53 , 55 , 56 , 60 , 70 , 99 – 101 , 105 , 192 , 193 ] or by scanning the potential at a given scan rate, for a certain number of cycles within a large potential range [ 2 , 57 , 58 , 61 , 69 , 103 , 106 , 188 , 194 ]. Some papers report a comparison between the two mentioned activation procedures and depending on the electrochemical performances obtained for the investigated analyte one of them was selected; for example, chronoamperometric activation of PGE was used for alkylphenols [ 50 ] and tannic acid [ 51 ] analysis and cyclic voltammetric activation of PGE for dopamine [ 21 ] and bisphenol A [ 54 ] detection.…”

The electrochemical sensing of nalbuphine hydrochloride drug substance in vitro by the cyclic voltammetric and conductometric titration techniques

“…As reported in Table (3) the addition of Nalbuphine hydrochloride to the solution and stepwisely increasing its concentration, the redox peaks current decreased than observed with CdCl2 alone as mentioned in Table (1).…”

“…The anodic peak gradually increased by raising the concentration of Cd ions which gives a proof that the reaction is governed by diffusion processes. Moreover, the solvation parameters like (Гa & Qa) increased as reported in Table (1). This behavior could be explained as the increase in concentrations of the electroactive species.…”

“…Nalbuphine has the IUPAC name (5α,6α)-17-(cyclobutyl-methyl)-4, 5 Expoxymorphinan -3,6,1 4-triol hydrochloride; Ncyclobutylmethyl-14-hydroxydihydro-normorphine (Fig. 1) [1].…”

Review—Pencil Graphite Electrode: An Emerging Sensing Material

“…106 Elquda developed an accurate, simple, and sensitive method for the determination of Nalbuphine hydrochloride (NPHCl) drug in real sample and recommended routine analysis of the drug using disposable PGE. 107 A simple MIP film based PGE electrochemical sensor was for reported for the determination of Phenothiazines (PTZ) and sensor activity was investigated by CV and DPV and applicability was confirmed by quantification of PTZ in samples of beef, mutton, chicken and fish as well as human serum and plasma. 108 A sensitive, selective, reproducible, disposable PPy doped with citrate anion at graphite pencil electrode surface potentiometric sensor fabricated was investigated for electrochemical quantification of sildenafilcitrate (SC) with a limit of detection (LOD) of 30 mmol -L .…”