Utility of <scp>CD229</scp> as novel marker in measurable residual disease assessment in <scp>multiple myeloma</scp>—An evidence‐based approach

Rai, Sandeep; Das, Nupur; Gupta, Ritu; Kumar, Lalit; Sharma, Atul; Singh, Saroj; Prajapati, Vijay Kumar

doi:10.1111/ijlh.13992

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 18 publications

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“…The utility of CD229 as a gating marker for PC identification reaffirms its role in MRD detection in patients receiving anti-CD38 therapy. 42 Overall, the combination of CD38, CD138, and CD45 remains the mainstay for PC gating and additional markers may help in specific circumstances. 39…”

Section: Data Acquisition and Analysis Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%

Voyage of Measurable Residual Disease Assessment in Multiple Myeloma Using Multiparametric Flow Cytometry

Das

Gupta

2023

Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol

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Measurable residual disease (MRD) in multiple myeloma (MM) has emerged as one of the strongest and independent biomarkers to evaluate therapeutic response for the prediction of long-term treatment outcome. With the incorporation of MRD in response assessment criterion by International Myeloma Working Group, it has become the routine parameter to be assessed at various time points after therapy. Among various techniques to assess MRD, multiparametric flow cytometry (MFC)-based MRD estimation has evolved dramatically over the last two decades achieving sensitivity comparable to molecular methods. Next-generation flow cytometry with the incorporation of innovative tools in MRD detection including consortium-based guidelines for preanalytical and analytical factors led to the overall improvement in MFC-based MRD detection. However, flow cytometry assays suffer from inherent challenges ranging from procedural hemodilution to lack of harmonization and standardization across the centers.This review article outlines and summarizes the essential laboratory prerequisites for reproducible MRD analysis by flow cytometry. Furthermore, a brief account of the utility of MRD evaluation in clinical practice as predictor of response and long-term treatment outcome has also been discussed. Considering the evolution of MFC-based MRD over two decades from a scientific research tool to a routine clinical diagnostic assay, it needs to be explored further in studying complex phenomenon like clonal evolution, clonal switches, and identification of treatment refractory clones for guiding more effective therapies improving overall survival.

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Section: Data Acquisition and Analysis Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%

Voyage of Measurable Residual Disease Assessment in Multiple Myeloma Using Multiparametric Flow Cytometry

Das

Gupta

2023

Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol

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Multiparametric Flow Cytometry in the Evaluation of Plasma Cell Proliferative Disorders: Current Paradigms for Clinical Practice

Gupta,

Jevremovic,

Mathew

et al. 2024

Clinical Lymphoma Myeloma and Leukemia

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Interferon Regulatory Factor 4: An Alternative Marker for Plasma Cells in Daratumumab‐Treated Patients With Multiple Myeloma

Yang,

Hu,

Wang

et al. 2024

Int J Lab Hematology

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IntroductionAnti‐CD38 therapeutic modalities (e.g., daratumumab) can impede classical CD38 and CD138 gating use for plasma cell (PC) detection in multiple myeloma (MM) patients with minimal residual disease (MRD). We assessed the applicability of CD229, CD269, and interferon regulatory factor (IRF‐4) for PC detection in MM MRD patients.MethodsBone marrow samples were collected from patients with MM. Through multiparameter flow cytometry, we evaluated the suitability of CD229, CD269, and IRF‐4 for distinguishing PCs from other hematopoietic cells and compared their expression pattern on normal PCs (nPCs) and aberrant PCs (aPCs). We also assessed IRF‐4 expression stability after sample storage under different conditions. A 10‐color MRD antibody panel was used to determine whether IRF‐4 is an alternative primary PC‐gating marker for MM MRD assessment.ResultsIRF‐4 was expressed specifically on all PCs; its mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) was highest on PCs among all hematopoietic cells. This MFI did not decrease even after sample storage at 4°C or 25°C for 72 h. In all 42 MRD assessment samples, except for samples (n = 10) with no PCs, the use of IRF‐4 enabled accurate nPC (n = 12), aPC (n = 13), and nPC + aPC (n = 7) identification. Even samples from daratumumab‐treated patients had high IRF‐4 MFI, with no difference between pre‐treatment and post‐treatment (n = 7; p = 0.610).ConclusionsIRF‐4 demonstrates high MFI on PCs, and it is not expressed on other leukocytes. In MM patients with MRD, daratumumab treatment does not affect IRF‐4 expression. IRF‐4 is a promising marker for PC identification in MRD assessment of MM patients undergoing anti‐CD38 therapy.

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Utility of CD229 as novel marker in measurable residual disease assessment in multiple myeloma—An evidence‐based approach

Cited by 4 publications

References 18 publications

Voyage of Measurable Residual Disease Assessment in Multiple Myeloma Using Multiparametric Flow Cytometry

Voyage of Measurable Residual Disease Assessment in Multiple Myeloma Using Multiparametric Flow Cytometry

Multiparametric Flow Cytometry in the Evaluation of Plasma Cell Proliferative Disorders: Current Paradigms for Clinical Practice

Interferon Regulatory Factor 4: An Alternative Marker for Plasma Cells in Daratumumab‐Treated Patients With Multiple Myeloma

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