Utility of Splenic Macrophage Aggregates as an Indicator of Fish Exposure to Degraded Environments

Fournie, John W.; Summers, J. Kevin; Courtney, Lee A.; Engle, Virginia D.; Blazer, Vicki S.

doi:10.1577/1548-8667(2001)013<0105:uosmaa>2.0.co;2

Cited by 131 publications

(116 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…These relatively low values were generally about the same as what was reported for carp and bass collected from the MRB in 1995 (Blazer et al, 2002). Although low relative to the 40 MA/mm 2 criterion of Fournie et al (1996Fournie et al ( , 2001), values of MA-# and the other MA parameters tended to be lowest at Stations 513 and 514 and greatest at Station 512. In addition, the MA-% values for Station 512 carp exceeded those for any other station sampled in either the RGB or the MRB (Blazer et al, 2002).…”

Section: Fish Health Indicatorsmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…For consistency with previous studies (e.g. Fournie et al, 1996Fournie et al, , 2001Blazer et al, 2002), only the following observations were included: grossly visible disorders of the eye (exopthalmia, hemorrhage, opacity, emboli, missing), opercles (shortening, deformities, parasites), body surface (ulcers, parasites, and raised or discolored areas), fins (hemorrhage, fraying, eroded), and skeleton (curvature). A necropsy-based HAI score was also calculated for each fish by assigning numerical values to gross internal and external lesions (Adams et al, 1993;Blazer et al, 2002), then summing the values for all organs observed.…”

Section: Data Set Composition and Statistical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A recent study conducted in the Gulf of Mexico established a value of N40 splenic MA/mm 2 in at least one fish from a site as a threshold indicative of possible effects due to hypoxia or sediment contamination (Fournie et al, 2001). Blazer et al (2002) also used this value as a benchmark for carp and bass in the MRB; however, it was derived for marine and estuarine fishes and it is important to note that additional research on freshwater species, particularly bass and carp, is necessary to determine a threshold for possible effects.…”

Section: Fish Health Indicatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental contaminants and biomarker responses in fish from the Rio Grande and its U.S. tributaries: Spatial and temporal trends

Schmitt

Hinck

Blazer³

et al. 2005

Science of The Total Environment

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Dethloff, Gail M.; Bartish, Timothy M.; Coyle, James J.; and Tillitt, Donald E., "Environmental contaminants and biomarker responses in fish from the Rio Grande and its U.S. tributaries: Spatial and temporal trends" (2005 AbstractWe collected, examined, and analyzed 368 fish of seven species from 10 sites on rivers of the Rio Grande Basin (RGB) during late 1997 and early 1998 to document temporal and geographic trends in the concentrations of accumulative contaminants and to assess contaminant effects on the fish. Sites were located on the mainstem of the Rio Grande and on the Arroyo Colorado and Pecos River in Texas (TX), New Mexico (NM), and Colorado. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) were the targeted species. Fish were examined in the field for internal and external visible gross lesions, selected organs were weighed to compute ponderal and organosomatic indices, and samples of tissues and fluids were obtained and preserved for analysis of fish health and reproductive biomarkers. Whole fish from each station were composited by species and gender and analyzed for organochlorine chemical residues and elemental contaminants using instrumental methods, and for 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro dibenzo-p-dioxin-like activity (TCDD-EQ) using the H4IIE rat hepatoma cell bioassay. Overall, fish from lower RGB stations contained greater concentrations of organochlorine pesticide residues and appeared to be less healthy than those from sites in the central and upper parts of the basin, as indicated by a general gradient of residue concentrations and biomarker responses. A minimal number of altered biomarkers and few or no elevated contaminant concentrations were noted in fish from the upper RGB. The exception was elevated concentrations [up to 0.46 Ag/g wet-weight (ww)] of total mercury (Hg) in predatory species from the Rio Grande at Elephant Butte Reservoir, NM, a condition documented in previous studies. Arsenic (As) and selenium (Se) concentrations were greatest in fish from sites in the central RGB; Se concentrations in fish from the Pecos River at Red Bluff Lake, TX and from the Rio Grande at Langtry, TX and Amistad International Reservoir, TX exceeded published fish and wildlife toxicity thresholds. In the lower RGB, residues of This article is a U.S. government work, and is not subject to copyright in the United States.p,pV-DDT metabolites (V1.69 Ag/g ww), chlordane-related compounds (V0.21 Ag/g ww), dieldrin (V0.0.05 Ag/g ww), and toxaphene (V2.4 Ag/g ww) were detected in fish from most sites; maximum concentrations were in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) from the Arroyo Colorado at Harlingen, TX. Concentrations of one or more residues exceeded toxicity thresholds for fish and wildlife in fish from this site and from the Rio Grande at Mission, TX and Brownsville, TX; however, concentrations were lower than those reported by previous studies. In addition, the proportional concentrations of p,pV-DDT at all sites were low, indicating weathered DDT rather than the influx of new ma...

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Section: Fish Health Indicatorsmentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Data Set Composition and Statistical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fish Health Indicatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental contaminants and biomarker responses in fish from the Rio Grande and its U.S. tributaries: Spatial and temporal trends

Schmitt

Hinck

Blazer³

et al. 2005

Science of The Total Environment

Self Cite

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“…Their value lies in their ubiquity, availability and ease of measurement. Variability in MACs number, size, relative amount and pigment content in relation to environmental contamination have been noted by a number of investigators as a potential biomarker [5,[7][8][9][10][11]. Although, the actual reason for these changes is still uncertain and debatable and thus many authors consider them as too nonspecific structures, according to Wolke [2], the MACs non-specificity may be of great value in terms of "first-cut" biological markers and this may well prove to be a deciding advantage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do Spleen Macrophage Aggregates Undergo Season-Dependent Changes? A Stereomicroscopic Investigation in Wild Ohrid Trout (Salmo Letnica Kar.)

Rebok¹,

Tavciovska-Vasileva²,

Jordanova³

2017

Contributions

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In past decades macrophage aggregates (MACs) were being used in many monitoring studies as useful immunological biomarkers of environmental pollution and they are still encountered in the so-called "future biomarkers", since quantitative studies in aquaculture and/or field of their normal fluctuations as a result of the influence of natural factors are extremely rare. Our investigation was designed to quantitatively evaluate the influence of the seasons on MAC's relative volume, number and diameter in the Ohrid trout (Salmo letnica Kar.) spleen. Data showed that all investigated parameters had significantly higher values in fish collected during spring and winter. Correlation analyses revealed that the increasing of the relative volume of MACs is a result of the increasing of the relative volume of melanin loaded MACs, as well as the increasing of their number and diameter. These results confirmed that the season can affect MACs variations and should be taken into consideration, especially when spleen MACs are used as pollution biomarkers in monitoring studies.

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“…Several live lesions have been established as tissue bio-makers consistent with the exposure of fish to effluent. These include pigmented macrophage aggregation (Patino et al, 2003;Fournie, 2001). Hepatocytes vacoulation (Stehr et al, 1998), multi foci coagulative necrosis and liver fatty degeneration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eco-Histopathology of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) from Industrially Contaminated Locations of Ologe Lagoon, South-western, Nigeria

Adeboyejo¹,

Fagbenro²,

Adeparusi³

et al. 2013

ENRR

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A study was carried out to assess the physico-chemical, heavy-metals parameter and Histopathology of adult fish specimen of Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus collected from effluents sources of Ologe lagoon. The aim of the study is to assess the impact of industrial effluents on the lagoon, and on the health of resident fish fauna. 5 sample stations were marked out. Water samples were collected in triplicates; once every two months from each sample station. Effluent samples from the three point sources were also analyzed. Mean values for physico-chemical parameters, heavy-metals and three other effluent sources monitored ranges are pH, 6.17±0.42-10.25±1.18, DO, 1.18±0.50-6.13±1.03 mg/l, TDS, 86.6±19.17-621.97±16.22 mg/l, hardness, ND-58.03±0.90 mg/l, alkalinity, 22.06±8.08-352.37±14.58 mg/l, Cl -1 , 31.09±18.16-268.98±31.41 mg/l, acidity, ND-73.73±13.00 mg/l, Zn, 0.07±0.01-0.65±0.18 mg/l, Fe, ND-1.40±0.50 mg/l, Cu, 0.001±0.001-0.53±0.36 mg/l, Cd, ND-0.07±0.02 mg/l, and Pb, ND-10.15±21.83 mg/l. Several live lesions have been observed in the study as tissue bio-makers consistent with the exposure of fish to effluent. These include pigmented macrophage aggregation, hepatocytes vacoulation, multi foci coagulative necrosis and liver fatty degeneration. The preponderance of these lesions in fish from contaminated waters bordering urban locations similar to our test location has been firmly established and described by other researchers. Therefore, the extent of deformities and cell injuries is as a result of toxicant actions of the industrial effluents.

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Utility of Splenic Macrophage Aggregates as an Indicator of Fish Exposure to Degraded Environments

Cited by 131 publications

References 22 publications

Environmental contaminants and biomarker responses in fish from the Rio Grande and its U.S. tributaries: Spatial and temporal trends

Environmental contaminants and biomarker responses in fish from the Rio Grande and its U.S. tributaries: Spatial and temporal trends

Do Spleen Macrophage Aggregates Undergo Season-Dependent Changes? A Stereomicroscopic Investigation in Wild Ohrid Trout (Salmo Letnica Kar.)

Eco-Histopathology of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) from Industrially Contaminated Locations of Ologe Lagoon, South-western, Nigeria

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