Utilization of Carbohydrates and Amino Acids by Micrococcus Radiodurans

Raj, Harkison D.; Duryee, Frances L.; Deeney, Anne M.; Wang, Chih H.; Anderson, A. W.; Elliker, P. R.

doi:10.1139/m60-033

Cited by 39 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…This ruled out the possibility of incomplete oxidation of glucose had occurred. Thus, glucose could only be released mainly as CO 2 by enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, which was fully functional in this organism (25). The potential energy released from glucose oxidation is very large (G f°ϭ Ϫ917.22).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

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Induction of a Futile Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas Pathway in Deinococcus radiodurans by Mn: Possible Role of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway in Cell Survival

Zhang

Wong

Chen³

et al. 2000

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Statistical models were used to predict the effects of tryptone, glucose, yeast extract (TGY) and Mn on biomass formation of the highly radioresistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans. Results suggested that glucose had marginal effect on biomass buildup, but Mn was a significant factor for biomass formation. Mn also facilitated glucose interactions with other nutrient components. These predictions were verified by in vivo and in vitro experiments. TGY-grown cells metabolized glucose solely by the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Although only a fraction of glucose from the medium was transported into the cells, glucose was incorporated into the DNA efficiently after cells were exposed to UV light. The presence of glucose also enhanced the radioresistance of the culture. Mn could induce an Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway in D. radiodurans. The EMP pathway and the PPP of the Mn-treated cells oxidized glucose simultaneously at a 6:1 ratio. Although glucose was hydrolyzed rapidly by the Mn-treated cells, most glucose was released as CO 2 . Mntreated cultures retained less glucose per cell than cells grown without Mn, and still less glucose was incorporated into the DNA after cells were exposed to UV light. Mn-treated cells were also more sensitive to UV light. Results suggested that metabolites of glucose generated from the PPP enhanced the survival of D. radiodurans. Induction of the EMP pathway by Mn may deplete metabolites for DNA repair and may induce oxidative stress for the cell, leading to reduction of radioresistance.The genus Deinococcus is composed of a group of bacteria characterized by their extreme resistance to ionizing radiation (1,7,9,(17)(18)(19). Most experts agree that Deinococcus radiodurans has a very effective system to repair its DNA, but the molecular basis of this effective system is not clear (14,17,18). It appears that D. radiodurans achieves its resistance to radiation by changing the operating conditions of many "ordinary" enzymes (3). Most researchers use the tryptone-glucose-yeast extract (TGY) medium to grow Deinococcus (American Type Culture Collection catalogue. 1996. American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Va.) (19), even though these organisms are generally considered inactive to sugars (21). Chou and Tan (5) showed that the addition of Mn to a stationary-phase culture of D. radiodurans could induce new rounds of cell division. They termed this mode of growth Mn-induced cell division (MnCD) and suggested that MnCD is a form of starvation growth (23). The authors also showed that the addition of Mn to the culture also induced higher superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activity in the culture. Interestingly, D. radiodurans also became more sensitive to radiation when Mn was included in the culture. Mn is required in many metabolic enzymes. In D. radiodurans, this element serves as a cofactor of SOD (12). The binding of Mn to the chromosomes of the intact cells may contribute to its resistance to radiation (14). Evans and Moseley (9) suggested that Mn served as a cofac...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…This led us to examine the glucose metabolism of this organism in detail. Raj et al (25) showed that D. radiodurans has a functional PPP. We confirmed their results and further showed that the enzymatic activity of G6PDH in D. radiodurans was more than fourfold higher than the G6PDH activity in E. coli (Table 1).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Induction of a Futile Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas Pathway in Deinococcus radiodurans by Mn: Possible Role of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway in Cell Survival

Zhang

Wong

Chen³

et al. 2000

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…By a process of elimination, we identified minimal nutrient constituents and the concentrations of these nutrients necessary for luxuriant growth ( Table 1). The synthetic medium which we developed for D. radiodurans is distinct from the media described by other workers (25,28) in that it is much simpler and growth of D. radiodurans in the medium is completely dependent on a nonamino carbon source (e.g., fructose) (Fig. 1).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiologic Determinants of Radiation Resistance in Deinococcus radiodurans

Venkateswaran

McFarlan

Ghosal

et al. 2000

Appl Environ Microbiol

128

116

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Immense volumes of radioactive wastes, which were generated during nuclear weapons production, were disposed of directly in the ground during the Cold War, a period when national security priorities often surmounted concerns over the environment. The bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans is the most radiationresistant organism known and is currently being engineered for remediation of the toxic metal and organic components of these environmental wastes. Understanding the biotic potential of D. radiodurans and its global physiological integrity in nutritionally restricted radioactive environments is important in development of this organism for in situ bioremediation. We have previously shown that D. radiodurans can grow on rich medium in the presence of continuous radiation (6,000 rads/h) without lethality. In this study we developed a chemically defined minimal medium that can be used to analyze growth of this organism in the presence and in the absence of continuous radiation; whereas cell growth was not affected in the absence of radiation, cells did not grow and were killed in the presence of continuous radiation. Under nutrient-limiting conditions, DNA repair was found to be limited by the metabolic capabilities of D. radiodurans and not by any nutritionally induced defect in genetic repair. The results of our growth studies and analysis of the complete D. radiodurans genomic sequence support the hypothesis that there are several defects in D. radiodurans global metabolic regulation that limit carbon, nitrogen, and DNA metabolism. We identified key nutritional constituents that restore growth of D. radiodurans in nutritionally limiting radioactive environments.

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“…radiodurans was first isolated from gamma-irradiated canned meat in Oregon by Anderson et al (14) and was named Micrococcus radiodurans on the basis of its morphological and physiological characteristics (502). A morphologically similar M. radiodurans strain, strain Sark, was later isolated as an air contaminant in a hospital in Ontario, Canada (R. G. E. Murray and C. F. Robinow, presented at the Seventh International Congress of Microbiology, 1958).…”

Section: Ecology Of D Radioduransmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…RADIODURANS OXIDATIVE STRESS RESISTANCE 137 phosphate pathway (PPP), the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and glyoxylate bypass (381) ( Table 2). The PPP is highly active in D. radiodurans (502), with the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) (the marker enzyme for PPP) being 4-fold higher than that in Escherichia coli (683). G6PDH is upregulated in gamma-irradiated cells (677), and mutants defective in G6PDH are sensitive to UV light, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), and MMC (367,682).…”

Section: Vol 75 2011mentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxidative Stress Resistance inDeinococcus radiodurans

Slade

Radman

2011

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

659

639

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SUMMARY Deinococcus radiodurans is a robust bacterium best known for its capacity to repair massive DNA damage efficiently and accurately. It is extremely resistant to many DNA-damaging agents, including ionizing radiation and UV radiation (100 to 295 nm), desiccation, and mitomycin C, which induce oxidative damage not only to DNA but also to all cellular macromolecules via the production of reactive oxygen species. The extreme resilience of D. radiodurans to oxidative stress is imparted synergistically by an efficient protection of proteins against oxidative stress and an efficient DNA repair mechanism, enhanced by functional redundancies in both systems. D. radiodurans assets for the prevention of and recovery from oxidative stress are extensively reviewed here. Radiation- and desiccation-resistant bacteria such as D. radiodurans have substantially lower protein oxidation levels than do sensitive bacteria but have similar yields of DNA double-strand breaks. These findings challenge the concept of DNA as the primary target of radiation toxicity while advancing protein damage, and the protection of proteins against oxidative damage, as a new paradigm of radiation toxicity and survival. The protection of DNA repair and other proteins against oxidative damage is imparted by enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant defense systems dominated by divalent manganese complexes. Given that oxidative stress caused by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species is associated with aging and cancer, a comprehensive outlook on D. radiodurans strategies of combating oxidative stress may open new avenues for antiaging and anticancer treatments. The study of the antioxidation protection in D. radiodurans is therefore of considerable potential interest for medicine and public health.

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Utilization of Carbohydrates and Amino Acids by Micrococcus Radiodurans

Cited by 39 publications

References 1 publication

Induction of a Futile Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas Pathway in Deinococcus radiodurans by Mn: Possible Role of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway in Cell Survival

Induction of a Futile Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas Pathway in Deinococcus radiodurans by Mn: Possible Role of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway in Cell Survival

Physiologic Determinants of Radiation Resistance in Deinococcus radiodurans

Oxidative Stress Resistance inDeinococcus radiodurans

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