Utilization of Cellulose to Its Full Potential: A Review on Cellulose Dissolution, Regeneration, and Applications

Acharya, Sanjit; Liyanage, Sumedha; Parajuli, Prakash; Rumi, Shaida Sultana; Shamshina, Julia L.; Abidi, Noureddine

doi:10.3390/polym13244344

Cited by 95 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 307 publications

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“…Readers could found the dissoluton mechanism and the widely used solvents in previous reviews or book chapters. [127][128][129][130][131] The sol-gel transition is the transition from liquid solution state to solid gel station. [132,133] During this transition, cellulose fibers would form a 3D structure through a physical or chemical cross-link.…”

Section: Mechanism Of Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress, Challenge, and Perspective of Fabricating Cellulose

Qiao

Wang

et al. 2022

Macromol. Rapid Commun.

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Cellulose as the most abundant biopolymers on Earth, presents appealing performance in mechanical properties, thermal management, and versatile functionalization. Developing fabrication methods to design functional materials and open new application areas. However, cellulose is hard to be dissolved or melt due to its recalcitrant property. Herein, the recent progress of fabricating cellulose is summarized. First, the unique hierarchical structure of cellulose is fully investigated and the resulted processability is analysed in directions of down to nanocellulose, dissolution, and thermoplastic processing. Then, the reported fabrication methods are summarized in three aspects: (1) self‐assembly from nano/micro cellulose suspensions, especially the formation of cellulose nanocrystals; (2) dissolution–regeneration–drying, covering spinning and solvent infusion processing; and (3) thermoplastic processing, focusing on the setup and the morphology changes of the prepared products. In each aspect, the flowchart of the fabrication method, the mechanism, fabricated products, and effects of processing parameters are explored. Finally, this review provides a perspective on the further direction of fabricating cellulose, especially the challenges toward mass production.

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Section: Mechanism Of Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress, Challenge, and Perspective of Fabricating Cellulose

Qiao

Wang

et al. 2022

Macromol. Rapid Commun.

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“…There are a limited number of solvents that can directly dissolve cellulose, and between these, the most important ones are the phosphoric acid-based solvents, LiCl-based solvents, N-methyl morpholine N-oxide/water, ionic liquids, and NaOH–water [ 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ]. Nevertheless, most of these solvents are limited to a laboratory scale due to issues such as toxicity, environmental hazard, and limited solvency [ 33 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Gel Stage from Cellulose Dissolution in NaOH-Water System on the Performances of Cellulose Allomorphs-Based Hydrogels

Ciolacu¹,

Rusu²,

Darie-Niță³

et al. 2022

Gels

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Novel hydrogels were prepared starting from different cellulose allomorphs (cellulose I, II, and III), through a swelling stage in 8.5% NaOH aqueous solution, followed by freezing at low temperature (−30 °C), for 24 h. After thawing at room temperature, the obtained gels were chemical cross-linked with epichlorohydrin (ECH), at 85 °C. The swelling degrees of the hydrogels were investigated, and a complex dependence on the type of the cellulose allomorph was found. Moreover, the gel stage has been shown to play a key role in the design of hydrogels with different performances, following the series: H-CII > H-CI > H-CIII. The correlations between the allomorph type and the morphological characteristics of hydrogels were established by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The hydrogel H-CII showed the biggest homogeneous pores, while H-CIII had the most compacted pores network, with small interconnected pores. The rheological studies were performed in similar shear regimes, and a close correlation between the strength of the gel structure and the size of the gel fragments was observed. In the case of hydrogels, it has been shown that H-CII is softer, with a lower resistance of the hydrogel (G′) above the oscillation frequencies tested, but it maintains its stable structure, while H-CIII has the highest modulus of storage and loss compared to H-CI and H-CII, having a stronger and more rigid structure. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) method showed that the crystalline organization of each type of allomorph possesses a distinctive diffraction pattern, and, in addition, the chemically cross-linking reaction has been proved by a strong decrease of the crystallinity. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy provided clear evidence of the chemical cross-linking of cellulose allomorphs with ECH, by the alteration of the crystal structure of cellulose allomorphs and by the formation of new ether bands.

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“…23 A solvent NaOH/ thiourea/H 2 O system with the help of ethanol has also been used. 24 Further, graphene oxide (GOS) sheets have been used to provide physical crosslinking in the structure of cellulose aerogels. 25 Recently, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and kymene 10,[25][26][27] have been used to form crosslinks in the structure of aerogel cellulose materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%