Utilization of Eggshell Membrane and Olive Leaf Extract for the Preparation of Functional Materials

Abstract

Eggshell membrane (ESM) is a natural proteinaceous by-product of the food industry, especially in the pasteurized egg industry, resulting in the availability of much discarded egg waste. In the literature, eggshell (ES) and ESM usage for their adsorbent properties to remove various organic and inorganic hazardous chemicals, especially from wastewater, has gained interest. In addition, agricultural (olive leaf) and food industry (eggshell and eggshell membrane) waste can together be valorized to produce value-added functional products. This study’s objective was to evaluate the eggshell membrane’s loading capacity for bioactive compounds obtained from olive leaf extract (OLE) in order to prepare functional biomaterial. In this study, waste eggshell membranes were used to adsorb the phenolic compounds from olive leaf extract to design functional biomaterials. Using the foam separation method, both separation of the eggshell membrane and adsorption of bioactive compounds to the eggshell membrane were achieved simultaneously. The characterization studies showed that OLE was successfully adsorbed to the eggshell membrane. Cytotoxicity and antimicrobial studies showed that prepared OLE-loaded membranes were functional materials with bioactive properties. In conclusion, ESM was determined as a promising protein in the production of functional antioxidative and antimicrobial food or dietary supplement after the adsorption of bioactive olive leaf polyphenols.

Effect of Enzymatic Hydrolysis on the Structural and Protein Solubility of Eggshell Membrane

“…The FTIR spectrum of ESM reveals hydroxyl (O-H), carbonyl (C=O) stretching of the amide I at 1642.61 cm-1, and N-H bending vibration of amide II at 1535.14 cm-1. This finding is in accordance with the previous characterisation studies for ESM [12][13][14]. As can be seen from Figure 5 and Table 2, the characteristic bands of O-H, amide I, and amide II for the Al-ESMH were retained, this indicates the alcalase enzyme hydrolysis did not alter the significant characteristic of the ESM.…”

“…The FTIR spectrum of ESM reveals hydroxyl (O-H), carbonyl (C=O) stretching of the amide I at 1642.61 cm-1, and N-H bending vibration of amide II at 1535.14 cm-1. This finding is in accordance with the previous characterisation studies for ESM[12][13][14].…”

“…Since the ES is considered an agricultural waste and is usually discarded [4], if a recovery process of the ESM could be done from the ES, it is expected that the recovery of the ESM is approximately 4 %(w/w) (Table 1). The yield of ESM reported in the current study (4 %) is within the range (6 %±3) of ESM recovery study from ES waste through acetic acid and foam separator system [14].…”

“…Besides the above-mentioned properties in the ESM, its FTIR characteristic has been reported but limited FTIR spectra is available for the enzymatically treated ESM [12][13][14]. In addition, a huge number of disulfide crosslinks in ESM structure have made it insoluble [15].…”

Huevos de desecho en Chile: Estimación de las pérdidas en la cadena productiva y posibilidades para su uso

“…17 . Para superar este problema se han descrito procesos como lavado con agua ozonizada, que para el caso de las cáscaras de huevo disminuye la carga microbiana 18 . También se describe que la pasteurización es un proceso que ayuda a garantizar la inocuidad de estos recursos 19 .…”