Utilization of green seed canola oil for in situ epoxidation

Abstract

Green seed canola oil is underutilized for edible purposes due to its high chlorophyll content, which makes it more susceptible to photo-oxidation and ultimately reduces the oxidation stability. The present work is an attempt to compare the kinetics of epoxidation of crude green seed canola oil (CGSCO) and treated green seed canola oil (TGSCO) with peroxyacids generated in situ in presence of an Amberlite IR-120 acidic ion exchange resin (AIER) as catalyst. Among the two oxygen carrier studied, acetic acid was found to be a better carrier than the formic acid, as it gives 8% more conversion of double bond than the formic acid. A detailed process developmental study was then performed with the acetic acid/AIER combination. For the oils under investigation parameters optimized were temperature (558C), hydrogen peroxide to double bond molar ratio (2.0), acetic acid to double bond molar ratio (0.5), and AIER loading (15%). An iodine conversion of 90.33, 90.20%, and a relative epoxide yield of 90, 88.8% were obtained at the optimum reaction conditions for CGSCO and TGSCO, respectively. The formation of the epoxide product of CGSCO and TGSCO was confirmed by Fourier Transform IR Spectroscopy (FTIR) and NMR (1H NMR) spectral analysis.

Optimization of the epoxidation of linseed oil using response surface methodology

“…For the reaction time range from 5 to 12 h an increase of the hydrogen peroxide-to-oil unsaturation mole ratio in the applied range from 1.1 to 1.5 increases the value of the relative epoxy yield ( Figure 6a). This is in agreement with findings in several published investigations of the process conditions influence on the epoxidation of different vegetable oils in which the "one-variable-at-a-time" method was applied [11,12,14,18].…”

“…Several studies confirmed that the maximal epoxy yield increases with an increase in excess of hydrogen peroxide up to 50%. Above the excess of 50%, the obtained results differed among the studies: in some of them the maximal epoxy yield decreased [14,28], whereas in the others it stayed almost constant [11,12] or even increased [18]. Hydrogen peroxide is applied as an aqueous solution, therefore higher amounts of hydrogen peroxide increases the volume of the waste water generated after the epoxidation process.…”

“…For a long time, the classical "one-variable-at-a--time" method has been used to investigate the effect of the process conditions on the epoxidation of various widely and locally available vegetable oils. It was applied in epoxidation studies of soybean [8,9], karanja [10,11], jatropha [12], mahua [13,14], rapeseed [15], castor [16], canola [17,18] and nahor [19] oil, as well as methyl esters derived from cottonseed oil [20]. The reaction temperature, mole ratios of carboxylic acid and hydrogen peroxide to vegetable oil unsaturation, catalyst amount, as well as the stirring speed were identified as the variables that have major effects on the epoxidation process [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20].…”

Effects of Catalyst Content, Anhydride Blending, and Nanofiller Addition on Anhydride-Cured Epoxidized Linseed Oil-Based Thermosets

“…Investigations of such oils have largely been based on their availability and their degree of unsaturation. 10 Some common oils of interest are epoxidized soybean oil (ESO), 5,10−15 epoxidized canola oil (ECO), 16,17 and epoxidized linseed oil (ELO). 6,7,18−20 Each of these resins have shown different capacities for achieving fully formed networks; as expected, however, not all epoxidized oils are in fact equal.…”

Optimizing Process Parameters of Epoxidized Sucrose Soyate Synthesis for Industrial Scale Production

“…Some studies analyzed 2–3 factors at a time but not the effects of all the main factors simultaneously. − The design matrix of these studies were not well-defined and the number of treatments were not adequate for a robust model. Other studies analyzed four of the main factors simultaneously with a well-defined experimental design, but the studies either did not include the effect of varying catalyst amounts or the reaction time. , All of the main factors including stirring speed were studied by Mungroo et al, but the independent effect of the acetic acid and H 2 O 2 were not studied, and no model was proposed. In all of these optimization studies above, the reaction temperature was cooled manually or controlled by H 2 O 2 addition, which likely added variability within the experimental runs.…”