Utilization of microbial community potential for removal of chlorpyrifos: a review

Abstract

Chlorpyrifos (CP) is the most commonly used pesticide in agricultural fields worldwide. Exposure to CP and its metabolites creates severe neuron-disorders in human beings. Improper handling and uncontrolled application of CP by farmers have lead to the contamination of surface and ground water bodies. Biodegradation offers an efficient and cost effective method for the removal of CP and other toxic organophosphorus pesticides from the contaminated environment. The degradation of CP by various microorganisms has been investigated by several researchers over the past few years. This review presents a critical summary of the recent published results on the biodegradation of CP. A diverse range of bacterial species such as Agrobacterium sp., Alcaligenes faecalis, Enterobacter sp. Arthrobacter sp. Bacillus pumilus, Pseudomonas sp. etc., fungal species like Trichoderma viridae, Aspergillus niger, Verticillium sp., Acremonium sp. Cladosporium cladosporiodes, etc. and certain algal species viz. Chlorella vulgaris, Spirulina platensis, Synechocystis sp., etc., have been shown to degrade CP. The efficacy of these communities for CP degradation in batch and continuous modes has also been discussed but more studies are required on continuous reactors. Also, the available published information on kinetics of biodegradation of CP along with the available results on molecular biological approaches are discussed in this work.

Exploitation of Potential Extremophiles for Bioremediation of Xenobiotics Compounds: A Biotechnological Approach

“…are toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic in nature [ 10 ]. Their release and accumulation into the environment create various health hazards to human beings [ 11 ]. Due to the persistent nature and toxicity of various xenobiotic compounds in the environment, development of effective, eco-friendly and economical methods for its remediation has now become a prime concern for researchers.…”

Effects of Mancozeb on Citrus Rhizosphere Bacterial Community

“…Modern citrus industry largely relies on the wide application of pesticides. However, long-term, and over-application of pesticides not only kill pests and plant pathogens but also have serious effects on soil ecology that may cause changes in or the erosion of beneficial or plant probiotic soil microflora [8], In addition, the continued application of pesticides will influence a series of soil properties, including soil nutrient content, pH, organic carbon (C), moisture, and diversity of microbial communities, which is an indicator of pesticide toxicity in agricultural soils [9][10][11], it needs to pay attention to the detrimental effects of pesticides, especially when the same pesticide is continuously being used for crop protection [12][13].…”

Rapid Biodegradation of the Organophosphorus Insecticide Chlorpyrifos by Cupriavidus nantongensis X1T

“…Chlorpyrifos ( O , O -diethyl- O -(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol) phosphorothioate, is an organophosphorus insecticide, nematicide, and acaricide, which was first commercialized in the USA by Dow Chemical Co. (Midland, MI, USA) in 1965 [1]. Chlorpyrifos has been widely used to protect a wide variety of crops, including cereals, fruits, vines, vegetables, ornamentals, cotton and other economic crops to control rice leaf moth, plant hoppers, gall midge, wheat army worm, cotton boll worm, aphid and red spider [2].…”

“…Chlorpyrifos commonly undergoes three metabolic pathways: (1) Alkylation pathway, where the main metabolite TCP can further generate 3,5,6-trichloro-2-methypyridine (TMP) or 3,5,6-trichloro-2-methoxypyridine (TCMP) by alkylation reactions [21]. (2) Reductive dechlorination pathway, in which TCP is first dechlorinated to chlorodihydro-2-pyridone, and then dechlorinated further to tetrahydro-2-pyridone, and then the pyridine ring is cleaved to form maleamide semialdehyde, and finally mineralized to CO 2 , ammonium ion, water, and other inorganic materials [1]. (3) Oxidative dechlorination pathway.…”