Utilization of oil palm decanter cake for valuable laccase and manganese peroxidase enzyme production from a novel white-rot fungus, Pseudolagarobasidium sp. PP17-33

Evaluation of Laccase Activities by Three Newly Isolated Fungal Species in Submerged Fermentation With Single or Mixed Lignocellulosic Wastes

“…Recent works have shown the ability of lignocellulosic biomass stimulating laccase production by basidiomycetes ( Birhanli and Yeşilada, 2013 ; Zhou et al, 2014 ; Han et al, 2017 ; Palazzolo et al, 2019 ; Thamvithayakorn et al, 2019 ; Unuofin et al, 2019b ; Han et al, 2020b , 2021a ). Also, the selection of appropriate residues for fungus growth and target enzyme synthesis plays an important role in the development of efficient biotechnology ( Elisashvili et al, 2008 ).…”

“…Lignocellulosic biomass, versatile and most abundant natural renewable resources, have attracted more attention and considerable interest due to their abilities to convert into green second-generation energy fuels and valued industrial chemicals via the various bio-treatment process of lignocellulosic biomass (Haldar et al, 2016;Pinar et al, 2017;An et al, 2020b;Gaikwad and Meshram, 2020). Using various lignocellulosic wastes, such as corncob, cottonseed hull, bamboos, coffee shell, and tree leaves, to produce enzymes (especially laccase) had been widely investigated in recent years due to the low-cost and vast amounts of lignocellulosic wastes (Lizardi-Jimenez et al, 2019;Thamvithayakorn et al, 2019;Wang et al, 2019;Agrawal and Verma, 2020;Atilano-Camino et al, 2020;Pinheiro et al, 2020;Xu et al, 2020). Laccase (EC 1.10.3.2, p-benzenediol: oxygen oxidoreductase) belongs to a family of copper oxidases and widely distributes in various higher plants, fungi, bacteria, and some insects (Zhang et al, 2020).…”

“…Due to the ability of laccase to oxidize a wide range of phenolic and non-phenolic compounds, laccase can be used in the various biotechnological process, including materials science, bioremediation, biofuels, fiber modified, nanobiotechnology, biosensor, food chemistry, paper and pulp industry, and biodegradation ( Yang et al, 2017 ; Becker and Wittmann, 2019 ; Bilal et al, 2019 ; Singh and Arya, 2019 ; Unuofin et al, 2019a ; Wang et al, 2019 ; Zerva et al, 2019 ; An et al, 2020a ). White-rot fungi, belonging to basidiomycetes, are well known for their essential role in degrading lignocellulose in their native habitats due to their ability to secrete various extracellular ligninolytic enzymes ( Thamvithayakorn et al, 2019 ). Among ligninolytic enzymes, laccase is the oldest and important enzyme that could degrade lignin.…”

“…To enhance the laccase production and reduce the cost of producing laccase, optimization of fermentation condition, fermentation method, and developing new productivity strains are very effective methods. Optimization of fermentation condition was mainly included the following categories: (1) category, concentration, and proportion of carbon and nitrogen sources ( Kannaiyan et al, 2012 ; Birhanli and Yeşilada, 2013 ; Zhou et al, 2014 ; Han et al, 2017 , 2020b ; Palazzolo et al, 2019 ; Thamvithayakorn et al, 2019 ; Unuofin et al, 2019b ); (2) metal ions, such as copper ion, ferrous ion, manganese ion, silver ion, zinc ion, and magnesium ion ( Hu et al, 2014 ; Yang et al, 2016 ; Zhuo et al, 2017 ; Xu et al, 2018 ; An et al, 2020a ); (3) temperature and pH ( Hu et al, 2014 ; Kaira et al, 2015 ; Mazlan and Abu Hanifah, 2017 ; Saoudi et al, 2017 ; Bettin et al, 2019 ); and (4) secondary metabolites, e.g., ferulic acid and veratrol ( Janusz et al, 2015 ; Yang et al, 2016 ). The fermentation method was divided into solid-state fermentation, submerged fermentation, and unconventional solid-state fermentation combined with agitated submerged fermentation ( An et al, 2016b ).…”

“…The effect of using two or three white-rot fungi combined with each other to produce laccase was rarely investigated ( Kuhar et al, 2015 ; Vibha and Negi, 2018 ). Most studies had used only one lignocellulosic material to explore the effect on laccase secreted by fungi, and very few had considered using a mixture of two lignocellulosic materials to explore the effect on laccase secretion by fungi ( Lallawmsanga, Leo et al, 2019 ; Thamvithayakorn et al, 2019 ; Unuofin et al, 2019b ; Gaikwad and Meshram, 2020 ; Xu et al, 2020 ). However, evaluation of laccase activities from C. unicolor , Lenzites betulinus , and Schizophyllum sp.…”