Utilization of pharmacies and pharmaceutical drugs in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Kloos, Helmut; Chama, Tsegaye; Abemo, Dawit; Tsadik, Kefalo Gebre; Belay, Solomon

doi:10.1016/0277-9536(86)90038-9

Cited by 31 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…For example, in Asia, pharmacies have been found to be the dominant source of healthcare for all common problems amongst poor populations in Bangladesh ( Khan et al 2012 ) and in Western Nepal, amongst mothers seeking care for their children, pharmacies were the most popular source (46.2%) ( Sreeramareddy et al 2006 ). Their appeal lies in long opening hours, availability of medicines (including the possibility of credit and the option to purchase medicines in small quantities), geographic accessibility and personal familiarity ( Van Der Geest 1982 ; Logan 1983 ; Kloos et al 1986 , Greenhalgh 1987 ; Igun 1987 ; Haak 1988 ; Price 1989 ; Mayhew et al 2001 ). Further, many patients have neither the time nor money to consult a physician ( Ferguson 1981 ; Wolffers 1987 ; Haak 1988 ; Saradamma et al 2000 ; Seeberg 2012 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of retail pharmacies in low- and middle-income Asian settings: a systematic review

Miller

Goodman

2016

Health Policy Plan.

173

191

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In low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) in Asia, pharmacies are often patients’ first point of contact with the health care system and their preferred channel for purchasing medicines. Unfortunately, pharmacy practice in these settings has been characterized by deficient knowledge and inappropriate treatment. This paper systematically reviews both the performance of all types of pharmacies and drug stores across Asia’s LMIC, and the determinants of poor practice, in order to reflect on how this could best be addressed. Poor pharmacy practice in Asia appears to have persisted over the past 30 years. We identify a set of inadequacies that occur at key moments throughout the pharmacy encounter, including: insufficient history taking; lack of referral of patients who require medical attention; illegal sale of a wide range of prescription only medicines without a prescription; sale of medicines that are either clinically inappropriate and/or in doses that are outside of the therapeutic range; sale of incomplete courses of antibiotics; and limited provision of information and counselling. In terms of determinants of poor practice, first knowledge was found to be necessary but not sufficient to ensure correct management of patients presenting at the pharmacy. This is evidenced by large discrepancies between stated and actual practice; little difference in the treatment behaviour of less and more qualified personnel and the failure of training programmes to improve practice to a satisfactory level. Second, we identified a number of profit maximizing strategies employed by pharmacy staff that can be linked to poor practices. Finally, whilst the research is relatively sparse, the regulatory environment appears to play an important role in shaping behaviour. Future efforts to improve the situation may yield more success than historical attempts, which have tended to concentrate on education, if they address the profit incentives faced by pharmacy personnel and the regulatory system.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of retail pharmacies in low- and middle-income Asian settings: a systematic review

Miller

Goodman

2016

Health Policy Plan.

173

191

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“…As they'll analyze the comparative effectualness and distinctive marketing property of the medicine, Hertz even have a task in product management team, research, and medicomarketing. 2,3…”

Section: Business Opportunities and Market Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…He conjointly concerned in reducing patient's price and provides a secure and effective medical care. 2,3 ISSN: 2250-1177…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scope of Pharmacist on Future Aspect

Tripathi¹,

Ansari²,

Ahmad³

et al. 2018

J. Drug Delivery Ther.

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Pharmacy is a profession started in India early in 20th Century. Since then, it has undergone many changes educationally and professionally. The Profession of Pharmacy is Associate in Nursing integral a part of the aid system worldwide. Pharmacies are a well-organized follow will go an extended way to ensure quality health care for the patient. In past, pharmacists were answerable for dispensing medications solely. Slowly, the normal role of pharmacists is increasing and currently pharmacists are enjoying a significant role team member within the direct care of patients, especially the new generation pharmacists World Health Organization have Pharm. D. in the future, innovations in the discovery and development of newer medicine and dosage forms are used and personalized pharmacotherapy are propagated. The future pharmacist needs to bear in mind of those developments to advise the doctor and the patient to be a competent partner within the health care team. At the same time, the drug restrictive authorities in Republic of India and medical professionals have to be compelled to recognize the contribution of the pill pusher to society. Only then can the noble pharmacy profession be able to reach the level of greatness it deserves.

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“…[1][2][3][4][5] Researchers have posited many reasons for the ubiquitous role that pharmacies have in primary health care, including easy accessibility, short waiting time, convenient hours of operation, cheaper products, access to credit, and option to buy medications in small amounts. 1 3 6 7 While pharmacists are an important source of care for all social strata, they are often primary healthcare "providers" for poor and less educated clients and for those undertaking riskier health behaviours.…”

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confidence: 99%

Diagnosis and treatment of presumed STIs at Mexican pharmacies: survey results from a random sample of Mexico City pharmacy attendants

Turner¹

2003

Sexually Transmitted Infections

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Objectives: People in developing countries often seek medical advice for common ailments from pharmacies. As one example, pharmacists routinely diagnose and treat symptomatic sexually transmitted infections (STIs). We aimed to assess the quality of advice provided in Mexico City pharmacies by presenting hypothetical STI related syndromes and recording pharmacy attendants' suggested diagnoses and treatments. Methods: We interviewed the first available attendant in each of a 5% random sample of Mexico City's pharmacies. We inquired about the training, age, and experience of the attendant and about the typical number of clients coming for treatment of suspected STIs. After considering three hypothetical case studies, attendants recommended diagnoses, treatments, and, sometimes, physician follow up. Results: Most Mexico City "pharmacists" are actually clerks, with trained pharmacists rarely available on the premises. The average pharmacy attendant was 32 years old, with a median of 5 years' experience at that pharmacy, but very limited (if any) training. 62% reported seeing 10 or more clients with genital or vaginal infections per month. Depending on the case study, attendants provided appropriate diagnoses in 0-12% of cases, recommended appropriate treatments in 12-16% of cases, and suggested physician follow up for 26-67% of cases. Conclusions: In general, surveyed pharmacy personnel were unable to diagnose accurately or offer appropriate treatment advice when presented with classic, common STI symptoms. Given the volume of clients seeking advice from this source, training pharmacy attendants could significantly help to reduce the burden of disease associated with STIs in Mexico City.

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Utilization of pharmacies and pharmaceutical drugs in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Cited by 31 publications

References 19 publications

Performance of retail pharmacies in low- and middle-income Asian settings: a systematic review

Performance of retail pharmacies in low- and middle-income Asian settings: a systematic review

Scope of Pharmacist on Future Aspect

Diagnosis and treatment of presumed STIs at Mexican pharmacies: survey results from a random sample of Mexico City pharmacy attendants

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