Utilization of polymer enclosed intermediate class arresters to improve the performance of modern power systems

Lenk, D.W.; Koepfinger, J. L.; Sakich, J.D.

doi:10.1109/tdc.1991.169541

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…As the need for improved arrester protection levels and performance has evolved, so has the variation of arresters manufactured to meet certain applications [6,37,48,[50][51][52]601. Additionally, many application guides and papers for ZnO arresters have been developed [27][28][29][32][33][34][35][36][37].…”

Section: Zinc Oxide Performance Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is extremely important that the modes of failure be understood [48][49][50][51][52]58,59]. Testing has shown that a disc's failure location depends on the rise time of the applied waveform; with the location moving to thLe periphery of the disc as the rise time increases.…”

Section: Zinc Oxide Performance Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[48,49,58]. This issue has been one of the keys to the rapid acceptance of polymer arresters [48,SO,51,611. However, there is a misconception among some users that polymer arresters are fail-safe; an idea that has also been promoted by some sales organizations.…”

Section: Zinc Oxide Performance Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Insulation system protection with zinc oxide surge arresters

Bialek¹

1999

IEEE Electr. Insul. Mag.

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Key Words: Zinc oxide, surge arresters, arrester selection ver since the first lines were strung, electrical storms and other natural phenomenon have caused voltage surges to occur in the connected system. Surges due to lightning and line switching cause instantaneous and incipient failures. As the systems have grown more complex, available fault current levels have risen, requiring sophisticated surge protection schemes.Spark gaps were the earliest form of overvoltage protection. Due to problems with power frequency follow-through current, current-limiting spark gaps with a series impedance were ultimately developed. The silicon carbide (Sic) arresters with magnetically blown spark gaps were the epitome of this form of overvoltage protection. [1,84]. Surge capacitors and inductors were also utilized in certain applications to limit the overvoltages produced in the system.Insulation coordination standards and guides for the application of surge protective devices developed, which provided a basis for the selection of surge protective devices. [21,27,[93][94][95]. These standards required a minimum protective margin for front-of-wave, standard impulse and switching surge levels, which, based on experience, should provide adequate protection for the life of the equipment, typically 30 or 40 years.As the transmission voltage levels increased, the equipment insulation levels decreased. For equipment such as transformers, the ratio of the basic impulse insulation level, BIL, to system voltage decreases with increasing system voltage [92]. While there are many explanations for this decreasing ratio, the need to reduce equipment size and costs along with the awarding of contracts on the basis of lowest cost have been very important. Ultimately, the need for better protective margins drove the surge arrester manufacturers to develop improved forms of surge protection. In 1968, Dr. M. Matsuoka and his colleagues at Matsushita Electric Co. discovered zinc oxide (ZnO) varistors [83].This paper deals first briefly with the Sic versus ZnO arrester arguments that have led to the wide acceptance of ZnO as the arrester of choice in most applications. ZnO fundamentals and performance issues are discussed. This paper is intended to be a brief tutorial on ZnO surge arresters, and Tom Bialek Pacific Gas and Electric Companythe reader is encouraged to consult the reference section and the literature for more detailed informatison [82]. Silicon Carbide limitationsSic arresters have several fundamental limitations: the Sic valve elements, the gaps, and the power follow-through current. The element's nonlinearity coefficient is typically of the range 2 to 6 and also has a negative temperature coefficient [l, 2,20, 841. During arrester operation the valve element impedance decreases, which allows a higher value of power frequency current to flow, which must be cleared by the gaps necessary to isolate the arrester from nominal system voltages. Multiple series current-limiiting gaps are utilized to improve the gap reliability versus , % si...

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Section: Zinc Oxide Performance Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Zinc Oxide Performance Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Insulation system protection with zinc oxide surge arresters

Bialek¹

1999

IEEE Electr. Insul. Mag.

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Fault testing of gapless zinc oxide transmission line arresters under simulated field conditions

Melchior

Williams

McQuin³

1995

IEEE Trans. Power Delivery

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Failure mode tests for distribution type metal-oxide surge arresters with polymeric housing

Colombo

Nigris

Sironi

1996

IEEE Trans. Power Delivery

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E. Colombo ENEL S.p.A. Cologno M. M. de Nigris, A. Sironi (S.M. '94, IEEE) CESI MilanoAbstract -The paper records the results of an extensive investigation qonducted in I h l y regarding the setting up of testing procedures for the assessment of the failure mode behaviour of polymeric housed distribution type surge arresters. Different sample preparation methods and short circuit test procedures are compared and discussed. The evaluation of the perfommice takes into

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Utilization of polymer enclosed intermediate class arresters to improve the performance of modern power systems

Cited by 5 publications

References 6 publications

Insulation system protection with zinc oxide surge arresters

Insulation system protection with zinc oxide surge arresters

Fault testing of gapless zinc oxide transmission line arresters under simulated field conditions

Failure mode tests for distribution type metal-oxide surge arresters with polymeric housing

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