Utilization of Shock Tubes in Blast Injury Research

Černak, Ibolja

doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-9711-4_6

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…Primary blast injuries occur due to direct energy transfer of the shockwave ( 12 , 18 , 19 , 40 , 44 ). Preclinical blast-induced mTBI models were designed to simulate various aspects of complex blast-induced injury scenarios, including open field exposure, blast tubes using explosives, or shock tubes using compressed air or gas ( 38 , 45 , 46 ). Further refinement and standardization of preclinical models ideally should isolate specific aspects of primary blast components.…”

Section: Investigating Injurious Blast Forcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspectives on Primary Blast Injury of the Brain: Translational Insights Into Non-inertial Low-Intensity Blast Injury

et al. 2022

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Most traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) during military deployment or training are clinically “mild” and frequently caused by non-impact blast exposures. Experimental models were developed to reproduce the biological consequences of high-intensity blasts causing moderate to severe brain injuries. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms of low-intensity blast (LIB)-induced neurological deficits have been understudied. This review provides perspectives on primary blast-induced mild TBI models and discusses translational aspects of LIB exposures as defined by standardized physical parameters including overpressure, impulse, and shock wave velocity. Our mouse LIB-exposure model, which reproduces deployment-related scenarios of open-field blast (OFB), caused neurobehavioral changes, including reduced exploratory activities, elevated anxiety-like levels, impaired nesting behavior, and compromised spatial reference learning and memory. These functional impairments associate with subcellular and ultrastructural neuropathological changes, such as myelinated axonal damage, synaptic alterations, and mitochondrial abnormalities occurring in the absence of gross- or cellular damage. Biochemically, we observed dysfunctional mitochondrial pathways that led to elevated oxidative stress, impaired fission-fusion dynamics, diminished mitophagy, decreased oxidative phosphorylation, and compensated cell respiration-relevant enzyme activity. LIB also induced increased levels of total tau, phosphorylated tau, and amyloid β peptide, suggesting initiation of signaling cascades leading to neurodegeneration. We also compare translational aspects of OFB findings to alternative blast injury models. By scoping relevant recent research findings, we provide recommendations for future preclinical studies to better reflect military-operational and clinical realities. Overall, better alignment of preclinical models with clinical observations and experience related to military injuries will facilitate development of more precise diagnosis, clinical evaluation, treatment, and rehabilitation.

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Section: Investigating Injurious Blast Forcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspectives on Primary Blast Injury of the Brain: Translational Insights Into Non-inertial Low-Intensity Blast Injury

et al. 2022

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“…Feeney's model is exceptionally reproducible, making it an invaluable tool for researching the impacts of TBI. 23,24 Feeney's model possesses notable strengths, predominantly its simplistic design. Moreover, it effectively mimics the biomechanics of injury observed in moderate to severe cases of human TBI, such as the forceful acceleration of objects against the skull.…”

Section: Feeney's Weight Drop Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental animal models in traumatic brain injury research: a comprehensive review of methods and outlook

Saidu,

Bulama,

Onu

et al. 2024

Int J Sci Rep

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a significant public health concern worldwide, necessitating effective research models to elucidate its pathophysiology and develop therapeutic interventions. Animal models play a crucial role in TBI research, offering valuable insights into injury mechanisms and potential treatments. However, selecting the appropriate model can be challenging due to diverse array of available options and their respective advantages and limitations. In this comprehensive review, we examine four commonly used animal models of TBI: the weight drop, fluid percussion, cortical impact, and blast injury models. Each model is characterized by distinct injury mechanisms, allowing researchers simulate various aspects of TBI pathology. We discuss the unique advantages and disadvantages of each model, providing insights into their applications and considerations for model selection based on research objectives and outcome measures. Furthermore, we highlight emerging directions in TBI modelling, emphasizing the importance of refining and innovating models to replicate the complexity of human TBI. By critically evaluating and understanding the subtlety of different TBI models, researchers can make informed decisions to enhance the translational potential of preclinical TBI research and ultimately improve clinical outcomes for TBI patients.

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“…Likewise, the position of the animal is distal to the end of the tube, obviating end-jet effects (including reflected waves) resulting from the emergence of the shock wave from the tube. [206][207][208][216][217][218][219]. Several of the noted publications, e.g., emphasize the important issue of specimen placement.…”

Section: Modeling Preclinical Blast For Sabvmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a free-field setting, the Friedlander curve ( Figure 1A ) is used as the model for an ideal blast wave, and with specific design, this waveform can be replicated by especially designed laboratory shock tubes ( 206 , 207 ). The key feature of the blast wave is the shock front, causing a nearly instantaneous change in the gas-dynamic properties of the air such as the static pressure, flow velocity, density, and temperature.…”

Section: Preclinical Modeling Of Blast For the Study Of Sex Differencmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If the focus is primary blast, what conditions are in place to mitigate secondary and tertiary effects ( 207 , 239 )? Finally, other considerations must be heeded, including choice of recording devices that accurately allow spatial assessments of static pressure for above-ambient pressure ( 207 ) and total pressure from the motion of gas (dynamic pressure) with the static pressure, assessed by Pitot tube ( 219 ). Do measurement devices have adequate sensor bandwidth to accurately record changes ( 219 , 240 )?…”

Section: Preclinical Modeling Of Blast For the Study Of Sex Differencmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sex as a Biological Variable in Preclinical Modeling of Blast-Related Traumatic Brain Injury

McCabe

Tucker

2020

Front. Neurol.

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Approaches to furthering our understanding of the bioeffects, behavioral changes, and treatment options following exposure to blast are a worldwide priority. Of particular need is a more concerted effort to employ animal models to determine possible sex differences, which have been reported in the clinical literature. In this review, clinical and preclinical reports concerning blast injury effects are summarized in relation to sex as a biological variable (SABV). The review outlines approaches that explore the pertinent role of sex chromosomes and gonadal steroids for delineating sex as a biological independent variable. Next, underlying biological factors that need exploration for blast effects in light of SABV are outlined, including pituitary, autonomic, vascular, and inflammation factors that all have evidence as having important SABV relevance. A major second consideration for the study of SABV and preclinical blast effects is the notable lack of consistent model design-a wide range of devices have been employed with questionable relevance to real-life scenarios-as well as poor standardization for reporting of blast parameters. Hence, the review also provides current views regarding optimal design of shock tubes for approaching the problem of primary blast effects and sex differences and outlines a plan for the regularization of reporting. Standardization and clear description of blast parameters will provide greater comparability across models, as well as unify consensus for important sex difference bioeffects.

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Utilization of Shock Tubes in Blast Injury Research

Cited by 4 publications

References 76 publications

Perspectives on Primary Blast Injury of the Brain: Translational Insights Into Non-inertial Low-Intensity Blast Injury

Perspectives on Primary Blast Injury of the Brain: Translational Insights Into Non-inertial Low-Intensity Blast Injury

Experimental animal models in traumatic brain injury research: a comprehensive review of methods and outlook

Sex as a Biological Variable in Preclinical Modeling of Blast-Related Traumatic Brain Injury

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