Utilization of the Hollies (Ilex L. spp.): A Review

Yao, Xin; Zhang, Fan; Corlett, Richard T.

doi:10.3390/f13010094

Cited by 20 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…& M. Kim; their parents are all from Clade VI). Artificial crosses may produce inter‐lineage hybrids occasionally (Galle, 1997, Yao et al, 2022); however, a strong incompatibility between several inter‐lineage species has been documented in several artificial cross experiments (Zhang et al, 2011). These hybridization data, although still sparse currently, imply that the lineages defined in this study may be well differentiated genetically, and our phylogenetic framework may reflect the evolutionary trajectory of Ilex .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time to update the sectional classification ofIlex(Aquifoliaceae): New insights fromIlexphylogeny, morphology, and distribution

Yang

Jiang

Liu

et al. 2023

J of Sytematics Evolution

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Resolving the infrageneric classification of species‐rich genera has been challenging in plant taxonomy. Ilex L. is a subcosmopolitan genus with over 600 species of dioecious trees and shrubs. Many classification systems based on morphological data have been proposed during the past 250 years. However, these systems (such as Loesener's and Galle's systems) may not truly reflect Ilex's evolutionary trajectories because most of those system's infrageneric hierarchies are not monophyletic. In this study, we reconstructed a phylogeny of Ilex L. comprising 15 moderately to highly supported clades using rigorously identified samples (202 species) and closely authenticated gene sequences of three nuclear genes [internal transcribed spacer (ITS), external transcribed spacer (ETS), and nepGS]. The newly generated phylogenetic tree resembles essentially that of the nuclear tree of Manen et al., but shows conspicuous topological differences with the phylogeny of Yao et al. Closely scrutinizing morphological variation and distributional patterns of 202 species, this study found that most lineages of Ilex identified herein are well defined by a particular trait or a combination of morphological and distributional traits, displaying phylogeny–morphology–distribution conformity that has seldom been uncovered in previous studies. Given the general phylogeny–morphology–distribution conformity revealed in this genus, we put forward an updated sectional classification system for Ilex that temporarily contains 14 sections. The new classification will provide a robust framework for studying the evolution and diversification of this ecologically and economically important genus.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time to update the sectional classification ofIlex(Aquifoliaceae): New insights fromIlexphylogeny, morphology, and distribution

Yang

Jiang

Liu

et al. 2023

J of Sytematics Evolution

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“…However, there is a paucity of comprehensive investigations into the molecular mechanisms underlying ornamental leaf color mutants. Among these, hollies (genus Ilex) stand out for their highly valued traits in landscape design, including diverse fruit colors, leaf textures and colors [41]. The vibrant color of holly leaves is often regarded as a defining characteristic by many gardeners [42].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Mechanisms of Chlorophyll Deficiency in Ilex × attenuata ‘Sunny Foster’ Mutant

Zou,

Huang,

Zhang

et al. 2024

Plants

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Ilex × attenuata ‘Sunny Foster’ represents a yellow leaf mutant originating from I. × attenuata ‘Foster#2’, a popular ornamental woody cultivar. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this leaf color mutation remain unclear. Using a comprehensive approach encompassing cytological, physiological, and transcriptomic methodologies, notable distinctions were discerned between the mutant specimen and its wild type. The mutant phenotype displayed aberrant chloroplast morphology, diminished chlorophyll content, heightened carotenoid/chlorophyll ratios, and a decelerated rate of plant development. Transcriptome analysis identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to chlorophyll metabolism, carotenoid biosynthesis and photosynthesis. The up-regulation of CHLD and CHLI subunits leads to decreased magnesium chelatase activity, while the up-regulation of COX10 increases heme biosynthesis—both impair chlorophyll synthesis. Conversely, the down-regulation of HEMD hindered chlorophyll synthesis, and the up-regulation of SGR enhanced chlorophyll degradation, resulting in reduced chlorophyll content. Additionally, genes linked to carotenoid biosynthesis, flavonoid metabolism, and photosynthesis were significantly down-regulated. We also identified 311 putative differentially expressed transcription factors, including bHLHs and GLKs. These findings shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying leaf color mutation in I. × attenuata ‘Sunny Foster’ and provide a substantial gene reservoir for enhancing leaf color through breeding techniques.

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“…Recently, the increasing interest in the genus and decreasing cost of DNA sequencing have led to reference genomes for I. latifolia [6], I. polyneura [4], and I. asprella [7]. In some parts of the world, Ilex species such as I. opaca, I. vomitoria, and I. paraguariensis are used for brewing teas, while I. asprella is used as a medicinal plant [8]. I. aquifolia (common holly, English holly, European holly, or Christmas holly) is well known as an ornamental garden plant, with typical wintergreen branches and red berries used as a Christmas decoration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring Genetic Diversity in an Ilex crenata Breeding Germplasm

Geukens

Haegeman

Meulder³

et al. 2023

Horticulturae

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Knowledge of genetic identity, genetic relationships, ploidy level, and chromosome numbers can enhance the efficiency of ornamental plant breeding programs. In the present study, genome sizes, chromosome numbers, and genetic fingerprints were determined for a collection of 94 Ilex accessions, including 69 I. crenata. The genome size of the entire collection ranged from 1.50 ± 0.03 to 8.01 ± 0.18. Within the species of I. crenata, genome sizes varied (mean ± sd) between 1.98 ± 0.08 and 2.30 ± 0.04, with three outliers: 3.06 ± 0.04, 4.04 ± 0.09, and 4.19 ± 0.08. The chromosome counting results showed 2n = 40 for I. crenata accessions and confirmed the outliers as one triploid and two tetraploids. A high intra-specific genetic diversity in Ilex crenata was found, after genetic fingerprinting using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). The species I. crenata was separated into three clades, which coincided with intraspecific differences in genome sizes (mean ± sd) of 2.09 ± 0.006, 2.07 ± 0.05, and 2.19 ± 0.06 pg/2C per clade as mean values for the diploids. Applying a principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) to the genetic fingerprinting data of all species in the collection revealed a wide genetic variation, which has not yet been commercially exploited. These findings could form the basis for selectively breeding parents, in order to create more genetic diversity via intra- and interspecific crosses.

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Utilization of the Hollies (Ilex L. spp.): A Review

Cited by 20 publications

References 45 publications

Time to update the sectional classification ofIlex(Aquifoliaceae): New insights fromIlexphylogeny, morphology, and distribution

Time to update the sectional classification ofIlex(Aquifoliaceae): New insights fromIlexphylogeny, morphology, and distribution

Molecular Mechanisms of Chlorophyll Deficiency in Ilex × attenuata ‘Sunny Foster’ Mutant

Exploring Genetic Diversity in an Ilex crenata Breeding Germplasm

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