Utilization of Ultrafine Palm Oil Fuel Ash in Interlocking Compressed Earth Brick

Abstract

In this paper, the effect on utilization of ultrafine palm oil fuel ash (UfPOFA) on the properties of interlocking compressed earth bricks (ICEB) were investigated. The materials used to produce Interlocking Compressed Earth Brick (ICEB) includes clay soil, sand, Ordinary Portland cement (OPC), and water. OPC were replaced at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% by mass percentage with UfPOFA. The ICEB specimens were cured at 7 and 28 days to study the bulk density, compressive strength and water absorption of the ICEB. The experimental results found that the incorporation of UfPOFA reduced the bulk density and compressive strength at both ages of the specimens as compared to the control mix. However, it was observed that their compressive strength improved with age. The compressive strength of ICEB specimen with 10% of UfPOFA showed the highest strength at 28 days amongst all mixtures containing UfPOFA with 6.53MPa, which was higher than the strength value required for loadbearing earth bricks in Malaysian Standard (MS) 76:1972. In addition, the lowest rate of water absorption was found to be 15.44% for 28-day old ICEB specimen with 10% UfPOFA, which was just slightly higher than 15% in compliance with MS 76:1972 on the rate of water absorption for earth bricks. The results thus showed UfPOFA as a potential material to be used as an OPC replacement to produce a sustainable ICEB.

Physicochemical and Microstructural Characterization of Klias Peat, Lumadan POFA, and GGBFS for Geopolymer Based Soil Stabilization

“…After treatment and grinding, the moisture content was valued at 1.87% and is compliant with the requirements of the ASTM standard. The value obtained for this study is also comparable to that obtained by Tonduba et al [28], with a moisture content value of 2.23%. In the case of GGBFS, the moisture content was valued at 0.93%.…”

“…in the month of April 2022, which will be used as a geopolymer source material. This material was previously used in studies conducted by Asrah et al [27] and Tonduba et al [28] for the production of POFA-based mortar and bricks, and the material was classified as a Class C pozzolan based on the ASTM C618-19 standard based on the sum of its major oxides [21]. The classification of the POFA material used in this study will be discussed further in Section 4.2, which will compare the findings of this study with the results of previous studies.…”

“…As mentioned previously, the PSD of the geopolymer precursor materials was measured with a laser particle size analyzer, and the resulting PSD graph is shown in Figure 6, with the mean particle size (d50) for raw POFA, GPOFA, and GGBFS being 49.6, 17.33, and 13.21 mm, respectively. With a d50 value of 17.33 mm for the GPOFA, it is classified as a medium-sized POFA [27] and does not fall under the ultrafine category [28]. Similar sizes for GPOFA were reported by Khalid et al [65] with a mean particle size (d50) of 14.21 mm, while Kroehong et al [66] reported the d50 of GPOFA as 15.6 mm, and Lim et al [67] stated that the d50 of GPOFA was 14.58 mm.…”

Environmental Impact Evaluation on Interlocking Compressed Earth Brick Using Life Cycle Assessment

“…ICEB is a dry-stacked masonry brick with a similar production process to the Compressed Earth Brick (CEB) [4]. In accordance with Malaysian Standard (MS) 76:1972, as cited by Tonduba, Mirasa and Asrah [5] the minimum compressive strength requirement for a loadbearing masonry brick is 5.0MPa…”

Life Cycle Assessment in the Production Process of Crude Palm Oil (Cpo) on Palm Oil Plantation and Mills

“…Another use of palm kernel shell is as the bio-adsorbent of lead waste [6]. In addition, palm oil fuel ash can be used as a material for concrete and brick [7] [8].…”