Utilizing cashew nut shell liquid for the sustainable production of biodiesel: A comprehensive review

Adekanbi, Michael L.; Olugasa, Temilola T.

doi:10.1016/j.clce.2022.100085

Cited by 16 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 115 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Waste generated by agro-based industries and the abundance of biosynthons in plant sources offer two natural alternatives that have the potential to substitute products derived from current fossil feedstocks in various applications. The utility of such resources has appeared as an advancement in material science as these bio-based resources act as feedstock and simultaneously enriches new structural design of materials with unique set of properties [2,3]. In this context, the substantial growth of the polymer industry over the years has led to excessive consumption and over-dependence on non-renewable petroleum-sourced raw materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation of Cardanol Fractions from Cashew Nutshell Liquid (CNSL): A Sustainable Approach

Bhatia,

Amarnath,

Rastogi

et al. 2024

Sustainable Chemistry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Exploring sustainable approaches to replace petroleum-based chemicals is an ongoing challenge in reducing the carbon footprint. Due to the complexity and percentage variation in nature-generated molecules, which further varies based on geographical origin and the purification protocol adopted, a better isolation strategy for individual components is required. Agrowaste from the cashew industry generates phenolic lipid (cardanol)-rich cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL) and has recently shown extensive commercial utility. Cardanol naturally exists as a mixture of three structurally different components with C15-alkylene chains: monoene, diene, and triene. The separation of these three fractions has been a bottleneck and is crucial for certain structural designs and reproducibility. Herein, we describe the gram-scale purification of cardanol into each component using flash column chromatography within the sustainability framework. The solvent used for elution is recovered and reused after each stage (up to 82%), making it a cost-effective and sustainable purification strategy. This simple purification technique replaces the alternative high-temperature vacuum distillation, which requires substantial energy consumption and poses vacuum fluctuation and maintenance challenges. Three components (monoene 42%, diene 22%, and triene 36%) were isolated with good purity and were fully characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, GC-MS, HPLC, and FTIR spectroscopy. The present work demonstrates that greener and simpler strategies pave the way for the isolation of constituents from nature-sourced biochemicals and unleash the potential of CNSL-derived fractions for high-end applications.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation of Cardanol Fractions from Cashew Nutshell Liquid (CNSL): A Sustainable Approach

Bhatia,

Amarnath,

Rastogi

et al. 2024

Sustainable Chemistry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…However, the problems associated is higher density and viscosity of the cashew nut shell liquid biodiesel. [6] Blending the tamarind seeds and cashews seeds in powdered form and briquette of the same can be optimized to generate energy efficiently. The manufacture of briquettes depends heavily on the briquette binder.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental analysis of Briquetted cashew shell and tamarind seed as source of bio energy generation

Vivek,

Safeer Ahamed,

Bharathi Prakash Babu

et al. 2023

E3S Web of Conf.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Sustainable development implies development brought to the present society without giving up on the scope of needs that future generation requires. For achieving sustainable development various goals were been fixed and indicators are been used to measure up the progress. Energy utilization is one of the important aspects for development of a country, technology etc. The energy utilized has mostly been fossil based such as coal, oil etc. These sources have been used in electric generation in most countries and crude oil refined petrol and diesel have been used for transporting purpose. The usage of the fossil-based fuels which has more carbon content in them possess the threat of polluting the environment by causing emission into the atmosphere, Moreover the availability of reserves of these sources are also become thin as these are non-renewable source of energy. For overcoming these obstacles, the developed countries are being focussing on renewable sources of energy for managing the energy demand and to have eco-friendly environment. The advancements in the field of bioenergy have contributed energy generation from different sources through various techniques. One of the important aspects about the bioenergy generation is utilizing the waste, end products of the biomass to energy. Various wastages from agro to food industries are not managed as it degrades on its own. However, these organic wastages can be viewed as a source for energy generation. The objective the experiment is analyse tamarind seed, cashew seeds and blend of both in powder form and briquetted for energy generation. The experimental result indicates that the briquetted form of is more suitable in terms of properties with higher fixed carbon contents.

show abstract

“…Annually its world production of this fruit exceeds 4.1 million tons [5]. This residue is rich in an oil called cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), it presents a reddish-brown color due to carbonization and chemical changes, CNSL constitutes about 20-25 % of the weight of the cashew [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Valorization of cashew nut processing by-product: development of a cardol/starch biopolymer composite with electrochemical properties and technological potential

Arrieta

Ducuara

Combatt-Caballero

2023

EEJET

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The problem of food agro-industry residues represents a growing concern in our society, therefore its use as a raw material to obtain biopolymers of technological interest is an attractive alternative. The objective of this work was to assess the viability of utilizing cardol, derived from cashew nut shell liquid, in the production of a biopolymer composite by combining it with cassava starch. The biopolymer composite was prepared by thermochemical method using different cardol concentrations and varying the synthesis pH. The results allowed us to demonstrate the formation of cardol/starch biopolymeric films. The infrared spectra showed possible interactions by hydrogen bonds between the cardol and the glucose units of the starch. The impedance behavior showed a similar conduction mechanism in all cases, allowing the establishment of a single equivalent circuit. The electrochemical parameters showed that the presence of cardol and the lower pH increased the values of the electrical resistance and the double layer capacitance in the biopolymers. In addition, the values of the CPE/Rre system, related to the electractivity, were not affected by the pH, but by the presence of cardol. The biodegradability tests showed a complete decomposition of the biopolymer composite films in three stages in a period of 17 to 19 days. It could be concluded that it is possible to use the cardol extracted from the cashew nut shell liquid to elaborate a biopolymer composite with electrochemical properties when combined with cassava starch. The electrical properties of the biopolymer can be modulated by varying the synthesis pH and the amount of cardol used. The composite cardol/starch biopolymer could be used as a biopolymeric solid electrolyte in the manufacture of batteries, capacitors, etc

show abstract

Utilizing cashew nut shell liquid for the sustainable production of biodiesel: A comprehensive review

Cited by 16 publications

References 115 publications

Isolation of Cardanol Fractions from Cashew Nutshell Liquid (CNSL): A Sustainable Approach

Isolation of Cardanol Fractions from Cashew Nutshell Liquid (CNSL): A Sustainable Approach

Experimental analysis of Briquetted cashew shell and tamarind seed as source of bio energy generation

Valorization of cashew nut processing by-product: development of a cardol/starch biopolymer composite with electrochemical properties and technological potential

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About