“…In pursuit of sustainable alternatives, various studies have explored the production of SA through fermentation processes using renewable resources. In this approach, sugars derived from renewable feedstocks, such as agricultural waste (e.g., corn, wheat, and rice straw, oil palm trunk, and empty fruit bunch), food waste, fruit and vegetable waste, and aquatic biomass (e.g., microalgae, seaweed, and aquatic plants), are utilized by microorganisms like Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens, Mannheimia succiniciproducens, and Actinobacillus succinogenes (Li et al, 2010;Putri et al, 2023;Akhtar et al, 2017;Dessie et al, 2018;, Kuglarz et al, 2023;Patsalaou et al, 2020;Bai et al, 2015). Microalgae, as photosynthetic microorganisms, are recognized as potential feedstock for bio-SA production, offering an alternative to purified sugar derived from In this study, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was applied, using R analysis to assess the impact of agitation rate and initial biomass feedstock concentration, along with examining their interactive effects on the production of bio-succinic acid (bio-SA) utilizing the Actinobacillus succinogenes strain.…”