Utilizing the Synergetic Benefit of Synthesized NiO Nano Flakes and Natural Activated Charcoal (an Alternative of Graphene) as a Novel Platform for Voltammetric Determination of Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Inhibitor Ledipasvir

Abstract

From clinical point of view, it is necessary to develop a reliable detection method of Ledipasvir drug which is a promising medication regimen to treat HCV infection. So, an electrochemical sensor based on NiO nano-flakes (NiO NFs) and activated charcoal (ACH) as natural carbon material was developed for this propose. The characterization of ACH revealed its nanostructure. Its crystallites are composed of 3-8 parallel plane layers of graphite (graphene like structures) with interlayer distance and crystallite size of 0.37 and 0.90 nm, respectively. Highly-crystallized pure NiO NFs with crystallite size of 14 nm and interplanar distance of 0.21 nm were prepared. ACH/CPE afforded 2-fold enhancement in the electrochemical response towards oxidation of ledipasvir exceeds graphene/CPE. ACH's high surface area, porous structure and edge-plane-like defective sites of its graphene platelets result in good adsorptive and electron transfer efficiency towards ledipasvir. Among bare CPE, ACH/CPE, NiO NFs/CPE and [NiO NFs-ACH]/CPE, the electrochemical properties of [NiO NFs-ACH] nanocomposite were superior to the individual ACH and NiO NFs as platforms. [NiO NFs-ACH]/CPE was successfully applied for ultra trace determination of ledipasvir in human plasma with LOD value of 0.55 nM. This sensor is eco-friendly, inexpensive, sensitive and suitable for clinical applications.

Ternary Nanocomposite of Activated Charcoal/Reduced Graphene Oxide-Silver Nanoparticles [ACH/Ag@rGO] as a Novel Platform for the First Sensitive Prucalopride Drug Detection in Generic and Innovator Tablets and Human Plasma

“…XRD reveals also its nano and few layer structures (3 to 8 layers of interlayer distance equals 0.37 nm) that can be utilized as an alternative material of the expensive pristine graphene. 60 The SEM image of ACH depicted porous structure (Fig. 2S; C).…”

“…It shows two bands at 1595 cm −1 (G-band) and 1330 cm −1 (D-band) describing its structure as a mixture of graphite-like crystallites and disordered (amorphous) phase that it can be called turbostratic structure. 45,[60][61][62][63] D-band is assigned to the defect and edge plane which offers many active sites for electrontransfer and electrocataytic activity. 60 Its XRD spectrum shows broad bands at 24 o and 44 o due to the amorphous carbon 45,61 and a sharp peak at 26.50 o related to (002) graphitic crystalline structure 63 and conductivity in ACH, 64 (Fig.…”

“…45,[60][61][62][63] D-band is assigned to the defect and edge plane which offers many active sites for electrontransfer and electrocataytic activity. 60 Its XRD spectrum shows broad bands at 24 o and 44 o due to the amorphous carbon 45,61 and a sharp peak at 26.50 o related to (002) graphitic crystalline structure 63 and conductivity in ACH, 64 (Fig. 2S; B).…”

“…N 2 adsorption-desorption isotherm of ACH confirms its porous structure and high surface area where its BET surface area and pore volume are (616.64-644.22) m 2 g −1 and 0.20 cm 3 g −1 , respectively. 60 ACH thus considered a perfect modified electrode material during the electrochemical measurements. Their properties lead toexcellent usage of ACH in electrochemical sensing of Prucalopride drug under consideration.…”

“…The much enhanced current was achieved at 5% ACH. The enhancement of the current relied on the perfect adsorption character of ACH as a result of its large BET surface area and porous structure, 60 as well as the hydrogen and/or coordinated bonds that may be formed between function groups of ACH and Prucalopride drug molecules. 60 The conductivity of ACH (as a result of its π-electron system of the condensed aromatic carbons) 65 and edge-plane-like defective sites of the amorphous parts on ACH 63,64 may offer numerous active sites for enhancing electron transfer between electrode surface and the drug and consequently the current response.…”