Utterance format effects phonological priming in the picture-word task: Implications for models of phonological encoding in speech production.

Abstract

Picture-word experiments investigating the production of multiword utterances with distractors that are phonologically related to words in noninitial position have yielded inconsistent results, ranging from facilitation to inhibition. A comparison of these studies is complicated by differences in detail. In parallel to the empirical inconsistencies, different theoretical accounts of phonological encoding in speech production have been provided. In the present article, the authors propose a unitary account, which can in principle account for facilitation, null effects, and inhibition. It assumes a graded activation pattern of the elements within the scope of phonological advance planning. The account is tested in an experiment varying utterance format while keeping all other aspects constant. The results are consistent with the proposed unitary account.

Planning at the Phonological Level during Sentence Production

“…Assuming that the phonological facilitation effect reflects processes at the level of phonological encoding, the phonological properties of the verb, part of the second phonological word and phrase were active before articulation. This result is compatible with results from Costa and Caramazza (2002) and Jescheniak et al (2003), where phonological facilitation was observed for the second phonological word for noun phrases like the red car. This result is also compatible with evidence from noun phrase production, where phonological planning extended two phonological words (Alario & Caramazza, 2002;Miozzo & Caramazza, 1999;Roelofs, 1998).…”

“…The words are part of the first and second phonological words. Using the same paradigm, Jescheniak et al (2003) found phonological activation of the object name in noun phrase production in German when it was part of the second and third phonological word (although the effect varied between phonological facilitation and interference). Using a simple picture-naming paradigm, phonological properties outside the first phonological word was seen to affect onset of articulation in noun phrase production in French and Italian (Alario & Caramazza, 2002;Miozzo & Caramazza, 1999).…”

“…Here we investigated whether phrase and word boundaries affected the extent of phonological planning during sentence production. Previous research has shown that multiple words are phonologically planned before a single phrase (e.g., a noun phrase like the red car) is produced (Alario & Caramazza, 2002;Jescheniak et al, 2003;Miozzo & Caramazza, 1999) but only one word and phrase (e.g., the arrow) is phonologically planned in advance of articulation when multiple phrases are produced (e.g., the arrow and the bag; Meyer, 1996). The disparate results left open the possibility that the extent of phonological planning is determined by phrase boundaries (major grammatical or phonological phrase boundaries), not by phonological word boundaries (a content word and any unstressed function word) suggesting that entire phrases are phonologically planned before articulation begins.…”

Phonological facilitation of grammatical gender retrieval

“…In addition, phonological effects were obtained in the article þ noun production task. Similar results have been reported by Costa and Caramazza (2002), Jescheniak, Schriefers, and Hantsch (2003), Meyer (1996), and Miozzo and Caramazza (1999), although in those studies whole words were used as distractors.…”

Turn-Taking in Human Communicative Interaction

“…Their argument for this strict threshold is that interlocutors are highly trained to recognize gaps, when they can start their turn. But even if one assumes higher thresholds reaching up to 600 ms (Jescheniak et al, 2003;Schnur et al, 2006) Heldner and argue that the proportion of responses which can be explained by reaction would be lower, but would not be eliminated.…”