UV Disinfection Robots: A Review

Mehta, Ishaan; Hsueh, Hao-Ya; Taghipour, Sharareh; Li, Wenbin; Saeedi, Sajad

doi:10.1016/j.robot.2022.104332

Cited by 34 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…Most safety studies regarding UVC sterilization have addressed the potential for direct harm to humans (i.e., what happens if humans are directly exposed to the UVC radiation? ). − ,, As mentioned previously, lactic acid is prevalent in indoor environments due to human emissions, where it will likely be found on surfaces or in aerosols due to its low vapor pressure. , We therefore suggest that lactic acid photolysis may be occurring in such indoor environments and could produce harmful byproducts during these UVC sterilization procedures. However, most photochemical studies address photochemistry in the modern Earth’s outdoor environment where UVC is not available, and thus, few studies have addressed photochemistry using radiation with energies equal to UVC sterilization procedures. − Previous work by Deal et al and others ,, suggests that lactic acid may be photoactive under these conditions and, if so, will produce harmful byproducts (e.g., CO and formic acid) that may remain even after the UVC sterilization is complete, thereby posing an indirect risk to human health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 59%

“…On modern Earth, there has been increased interest in using UVC radiation (λ < 280 nm) for sterilization in indoor environments. − The lamps used for UVC sterilization include mercury gas discharge lamps (λ = 254 nm), UVC light-emitting diodes (λ ranges from 255 to 285 nm), pulsed xenon arc lamps (λ = 200–280 nm), and recently proposed excimer lamps (e.g., Kr-Cl excimer, λ = 222 nm). − Historically, UVC sterilization was primarily used in hospital settings in the form of hand-held sterilization devices or overhead UVC lamps and sterilization procedures were primarily performed during room changeover, between patients. − ,, However, with the outbreak of COVID-19, there has been interest in expanding UVC sterilization in other, more public areas including airports, shopping malls, and even educational settings. ,,, …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Oxygen Effect on the Ultraviolet-C Photochemistry of Lactic Acid

Deal

Vaida

2023

J. Phys. Chem. A

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Lactic acid, a small α-hydroxyacid, is ubiquitous in both indoor and outdoor environments. Recently, the photochemistry of lactic acid has garnered interest among the abiotic organic chemistry community as it would have been present in abiotic settings and photoactive with the high-energy solar radiation that would have been available in the low oxygen early Earth environment. Additionally, we propose that the photochemistry of lactic acid is relevant to modern Earth during indoor ultraviolet-C (UVC) sterilization procedures as lactic acid is emitted by humans and is thus prevalent in indoor environments where UVC sterilization is increasingly being used. Here, we study the oxygen effect on the gas phase photolysis of lactic acid using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and isotopically labeled oxygen (18O2). We find that the major products of gas phase lactic acid photolysis are CO2, CO, acetaldehyde, and acetic acid. Furthermore, these products are the same with or without added oxygen, but the partial pressures of produced CO2, CO, and acetaldehyde increase with the amount of added oxygen. Notably, the added oxygen is primarily incorporated into produced CO2 and CO, while little or none is incorporated into acetaldehyde. We combine the results presented here with those in the literature to propose a mechanism for the gas phase photolysis of lactic acid and the role of oxygen in this mechanism. Finally, we compare the output of a krypton-chloride excimer lamp (λ = 222 nm), one of the lamps proposed for UVC sterilization procedures, to the absorption of lactic acid. We show that lactic acid would be photoactive during UVC sterilization procedures, and we use the gas phase results presented here and aqueous lactic acid photolysis results previously published to assess potential byproducts from lactic acid reactions during UVC sterilization procedures.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxygen Effect on the Ultraviolet-C Photochemistry of Lactic Acid

Deal

Vaida

2023

J. Phys. Chem. A

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“…The scenario in Figure 11 was used as the test sample for evaluating the effectiveness of three different path planning algorithms for UV irradiation, as depicted in Figure 12. (1) The spiral fixed spiral method is commonly employed to plan paths on convex polygons as it imposes low computational demands on the robot platform [4]. The spiral planner guides the robot to move in a repetitive pattern within the environment along a fixed trajectory.…”

Section: Autonomous Mobile Disinfection Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Utilization of UVC devices has been proven to significantly reduce microbial proliferation, rendering it a viable method for non-contact disinfection. Since the onset of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the effectiveness of UV in environmental disinfection has led to an increased adoption of UV lamps in hospitals and other healthcare facilities [ 4 , 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coverage Planning for UVC Irradiation: Robot Surface Disinfection Based on Swarm Intelligence Algorithm

Guo,

Luo,

et al. 2024

Sensors

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Ultraviolet (UV) radiation has been widely utilized as a disinfection strategy to effectively eliminate various pathogens. The disinfection task achieves complete coverage of object surfaces by planning the motion trajectory of autonomous mobile robots and the UVC irradiation strategy. This introduces an additional layer of complexity to path planning, as every point on the surface of the object must receive a certain dose of irradiation. Nevertheless, the considerable dosage required for virus inactivation often leads to substantial energy consumption and dose redundancy in disinfection tasks, presenting challenges for the implementation of robots in large-scale environments. Optimizing energy consumption of light sources has become a primary concern in disinfection planning, particularly in large-scale settings. Addressing the inefficiencies associated with dosage redundancy, this study proposes a dose coverage planning framework, utilizing MOPSO to solve the multi-objective optimization model for planning UVC dose coverage. Diverging from conventional path planning methodologies, our approach prioritizes the intrinsic characteristics of dose accumulation, integrating a UVC light efficiency factor to mitigate dose redundancy with the aim of reducing energy expenditure and enhancing the efficiency of robotic disinfection. Empirical trials conducted with autonomous disinfecting robots in real-world settings have corroborated the efficacy of this model in deactivating viruses.

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“…Аfter аnаlyzing the current mаrket, it cаn be noticed thаt the optimal solution for eliminating viruses is the UV ray disinfection robot [1,2], pаrticulаrly for structures аlready involved in disinfecting specific аreas [3]. UV disinfection is regarded as one of the most promising methods for disinfection, as it does not produce genotoxic secondary substances in the air or on surfaces that are exposed to it [4,5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autonomous Mobile Platform With Uv Ray Disinfection System, a Modular and Affordable Solution for Virus Elimination

2024

IJOMAM

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In the post-COVID erа, there hаs been а growing emphasis on the significance of disinfecting objects individuals come into contаct with. Mobile disinfection robots hаve emerged аs а definitive solution to meet this demаnd. However, inherent issues in their current design mаy pose chаllenges leаding to: continuous virus contamination (there is a risk that mobile UV robots may fail to reach all areas or fully eliminate pathogens, which could allow viruses to survive and subsequently spread infections); increase in the number of disease cases (incomplete disinfection may lead to the persistence of viruses in the environment, thereby increasing the likelihood of disease transmission and the emergence of a greater number of infection cases); illness among medical staff (if the environment in which medical staff operate is not fully disinfected, they may be exposed to the risk of infection with various pathogens, jeopardizing their health and ability to provide adequate medical care); the loss of human lives (inefficiency in disinfection can contribute to the spread of infectious diseases, leading to a higher number of deaths among the population, underscoring the need to address and resolve these issues). This scientific endeаvor аims to outline the primаry chаllenges аssociаted with conventional mobile disinfection robots and introduce a solution through the implementation of аn Аutonomous Mobile Plаtform equipped with а UV Ray Disinfection System. A critical issue identified in conventional mobile disinfection robots pertаins to their inаbility to ensure mаximum efficiency in preventing the spreаd of viruses. This limitаtion is often linked to their stаtic structure аnd the incаpacity to efficiently cover the entire space. Furthermore, the risk of continuous аthe introduction of аn Аutonomous Mobile Plаtform integrated with а UV Rаy Disinfhumection System. This innovаtive аpproаch effectively addresses existing limitations in conventional robots. The autonomous mobile plаtform enаbles comprehensive spаtial coverage, eliminating the risk of blind spots and ensuring uniform disinfection. The UV Rаy Disinfection System аdds аn аdditional layer of efficacy by molecularly destroying viruses and bаcteriа, thereby reducing the risk of contаminаtion. In summаry, this reseаrch introduces а technologically advanced and innovative solution to the chаllenges encountered with conventionаl mobile disinfection robots. The integrаtion of аn Autonomous Mobile Platform with a UV Ray Disinfection System opens opportunities for more efficient аnd secure disinfection of spаces, contributing to the mitigаtion of the risk of virus spreаd in the post-COVID period.

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UV Disinfection Robots: A Review

Cited by 34 publications

References 79 publications

Oxygen Effect on the Ultraviolet-C Photochemistry of Lactic Acid

Oxygen Effect on the Ultraviolet-C Photochemistry of Lactic Acid

Coverage Planning for UVC Irradiation: Robot Surface Disinfection Based on Swarm Intelligence Algorithm

Autonomous Mobile Platform With Uv Ray Disinfection System, a Modular and Affordable Solution for Virus Elimination

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