UV Effects on Living Organisms

Weihs, Philipp; Schmalwieser, Alois W.; Schauberger, Günther

doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5764-0_22

Cited by 9 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 281 publications

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“…Hens can visually perceive UVA and UVB has a physiological effect on the synthesis of vitamin D3 in featherless skin [31]. However, high intensities and/or overexposure of UV radiation may have damaging effects [32,33], and, thus, hens might avoid direct sunlight at its most intense. Intense sunlight can also be visibly bright where the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) wavelengths (400-700 nm) may be visually aversive and infrared wavelengths (>700 nm) are associated with heat.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Commercial Free-Range Laying Hens’ Preferences for Shelters with Different Sunlight Filtering Percentages

Rana

Lea

et al. 2022

Animals

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Extreme sunlight might be aversive to free-range laying hens, discouraging them from going outside. Range enrichment with artificial shelters may protect hens from sunlight and increase range use. The preferences of 34–40-week-old Hy-Line Brown laying hens for artificial shelters were assessed by counting the number of hens under three densities of individual shelters (three replicates/density) from video recordings for 14 to 17 days for two flocks. The artificial shelters used shade cloth marketed as blocking 50%, 70%, and 90% of ultraviolet light, although other sunlight wavelengths were also reduced. Different sunlight spectral irradiances (ultraviolet radiation (UVAB) (288–432 nm), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (400–700 nm), and total solar radiation (TSR) (285 nm–3000 nm), ambient temperature, and relative humidity were recorded with an on-site weather station. There was a significant interaction between sunlight-filtering shelter and time of day (both Flocks, p < 0.0001), i.e., hens preferred shelters with the highest amount of sunlight-filtering at most time points. Regression models showed that the most variance in shelter use throughout the day resulted from the ambient temperature in both flocks, while sunlight parameters had different degrees of effect depending on the shelter type and flock. However, fewer hens under the shelters during the midday period suggest that during periods of intense sunlight, hens prefer to remain indoors, and artificial structures might not be sufficient to attract more hens outside.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Commercial Free-Range Laying Hens’ Preferences for Shelters with Different Sunlight Filtering Percentages

Rana

Lea

et al. 2022

Animals

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“…In the case of microorganism, the ratio between photoinactivation and photorepair changes throughout the year (e.g. ), which may lead to periods which favor the spreading of microorganisms and periods which restrain the spreading. This may result in a reduction or enhancement of airborne infection diseases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Austrian UVA‐Network

Schmalwieser

Klotz

Schwarzmann

et al. 2019

Photochem & Photobiology

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The ultraviolet‐A (UVA) part of the solar spectrum at the Earth's surface is an essential environmental factor but continuous long‐time monitoring of UVA radiation is rarely done. In Austria, three existing stations of the UV monitoring network have been upgraded with UVA broadband instruments. At each station, one instrument measures global UVA irradiance and—in parallel—a second instrument measures diffuse irradiance. Recent and past measurements are available via a web page. This paper describes the used instruments, calibration and quality assurance and control procedures. Global and diffuse UVA measurements during a period of up to 5 years are presented. Data indicate clear annual courses and an increase of UVA with altitude by 8–9% per 1000 m. In the first half of the year, UVA radiation is higher than in the second half, due to less cloudiness. In Vienna (153 m asl), the mean daily global UVA radiant exposure in summer is almost as high as at Mt. Gerlitzen (1540 m asl), equalizing the altitude effect, due to less cloudiness. However, in winter, the UVA radiant exposure at Mt. Gerlitzen is double as high, as in Vienna.

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“…The published material does not further address this matter and there is no reporting or justification of the threshold settings for all four detectors actually used in the experiment, nor any study of the effects of different thresholds on the results. In a recent email exchange 11 Weihs doesn't recall exactly how the thresholds were set, and repeats that one needs only to set the threshold to a level above the noise. That leaves open as possibilities all the calibrations discussed here.…”

Section: Figure 3 Correlation Resulting From Correct Calibration Of mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Responding to the suggestion that the mechanism described here may apply widely to EPRB experiments, Weihs effectively concedes the point 11 : "I agree there will always be some kind of threshold or discrimination..."…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

A local realist account of Weihs, Jennewein, Simon, Weinfurther, and Zeilinger EPRB experiment

Graft¹

2013

Physics Essays

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Quantum mechanics stands in conflict with local realism only in its treatment of separated systems. A modification of quantum mechanics that changes the handling of separated systems is suggested that can reconcile quantum mechanics with local realism. An apparent obstacle to this program is the experimental evidence, but I argue that the experiments have been misinterpreted. By way of example, I describe a local realistic account of one important EPRB experiment that is claimed to demonstrate nonlocal entanglement. The local model can be calibrated into both quantum and classical domains via adjustment of parameters ('hidden variables') of the apparatus. Weihs incorrectly dismisses these parameters as uncritical, whereas we show that device calibration is crucial. When properly interpreted, the experiments show that nonlocal entanglement is an error. The rest of quantum mechanics remains intact, and remains highly valued as a powerful probability calculus for observables. Quantum mechanics and local realism can be reconciled, and they each can offer useful paradigms for describing systems.

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UV Effects on Living Organisms

Cited by 9 publications

References 281 publications

Commercial Free-Range Laying Hens’ Preferences for Shelters with Different Sunlight Filtering Percentages

Commercial Free-Range Laying Hens’ Preferences for Shelters with Different Sunlight Filtering Percentages

The Austrian UVA‐Network

A local realist account of Weihs, Jennewein, Simon, Weinfurther, and Zeilinger EPRB experiment

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