UV‐induced pigmentation in subarctic <i>Daphnia</i>

Rautio, Merja; Korhola, Atte

doi:10.4319/lo.2002.47.1.0295

Cited by 68 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…With respect to copepods, the UV radiation in my studies was not lethal, although nonlethal UV radiation may affect other properties, such as growth and reproduction. Hence, due to their plasticity in photo-protective pigmentation, copepods and possibly some species of Daphnia (Hessen 1996, Rautio andKorhola 2001) may be predicted to be more successful than many other zooplankton groups, as the ozone hole continues to grow (Pieintz and Vincent 2000). This notion is in line with recent field experiments showing that altered UV radiation affected the taxonomic composition by reducing abundances of some organisms, while leaving others, among them pigmented copepods, unaffected (Vinebrooke and Leavitt 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Plasticity in Pigmentation Induced by Conflicting Threats From Predation and Uv Radiation

Hansson

2004

Ecology

135

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Abstract. In a variable and unpredictable environment, phenotypic plasticity in morphology or behavior may considerably improve an organism's protection against environmental threats and thereby its fitness. Here I demonstrate that common freshwater organisms, copepods (Crustacea), show a plastic response by adjusting pigmentation level in relation to two environmental threats: ultraviolet radiation (UV) and predation. The red pigment in copepods, astaxanthin, reduces damage caused by UV radiation, but makes the organism more conspicuous, thereby exposing it to higher predation pressure. In a field survey of six lakes sampled monthly for 16 mo, I quantified UV and predation threat, as well as copepod pigmentation level. The relative threat ratio (UV/predation) was generally lowest during summer and highest during spring; this pattern was paralleled by pigmentation level among copepods. Moreover, the level of pigmentation among copepods in lakes with high predation pressure was lower than among those copepods in lakes with lower risk of predation. In a complementary experimental study performed under constant UV threat, calanoid copepods in the absence of predation threat responded with almost three times higher pigment levels, compared to those with fish present (caged). Hence, the correlative field survey and the mechanistic experiment together suggest that the level of pigmentation in copepods is an inducible and adjustable defense, governed by the aim to improve individual protection against prevailing threats from both predation and UV radiation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Plasticity in Pigmentation Induced by Conflicting Threats From Predation and Uv Radiation

Hansson

2004

Ecology

135

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“…Black eumelanin is a common pigment in artic Daphnia spp. (Hebert & Emery 1990, Hessen & Sørensen 1990, Hobaek & Wolf 1991, Rautio & Korhola 2002, Hansson et al 2007), but has not been reported for other zooplankton. In the present study, we measured melanin in 4 species of zooplankton species (Daphnia middendorffiana, Scapholeberis mucronata, Artemiopsis stefanssoni and Branchinecta paludosa).…”

Section: Range Of Pigments and Maas In High-latitude Zooplanktonmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…More recent studies have also concluded that pigmented individuals survive better than pale individuals when exposed to UV radiation (Hairston 1976, Hessen 1996, and that there is a strong seasonal variation in pigment content. Subarctic Daphnia umbra synthesize melanin only during summer months, beginning immediately after ice-out (Rautio & Korhola 2002), and alpine copepods peak in their mycosporine-like amino acid (MAAs) concentrations during the open-water period (Tartarotti & Sommaruga 2006, Persaud et al 2007). Pigments and the colourless MAAs in zooplankton are mostly considered to be UV photoprotectants (Perin & Lean 2004), acting together with other photoprotectants such as antioxidants and with behavioural responses such as vertical migration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

UV photoprotectants in arctic zooplankton

Rautio¹,

Bonilla²,

Vincent³

2009

Aquat. Biol.

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High latitude zooplankton must contend with continuous ultraviolet (UV) exposure in summer, increased UVB fluxes as a result of stratospheric ozone depletion and little UV protection from their transparent waters. In the present study, we evaluated the presence and concentration of 4 types of UV-protectants in arctic zooplankton: carotenoids, melanins, scytonemin and mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs). We analysed 12 commonly occurring crustacean species from 27 freshwater bodies in northern Canada and Alaska. Pigments were detected in all species, and most populations had multiple pigments, suggesting a combination of photoprotection strategies, including broadband screening of UV radiation and carotenoid quenching of reactive oxygen species. Scytonemin, a UVA-screening pigment of cyanobacterial origin that has not been previously detected in zooplankton, was found in 2 crustacean species: the cladoceran Daphnia middendorffiana and the fairy shrimp Branchinecta paludosa. MAAs were detected in all populations, providing the first records of high concentrations of these compounds in the genus Daphnia (1 µg mg -1 ) and in the fairy shrimp Artemiopsis stefanssoni (up to 37 µg mg -1 ). Concurrent analyses of food sources showed that scytonemin, carotenoids and MAAs in zooplankton originated in phytoplankton or benthic algal mats. Thus, in addition to providing a measure of UV protection, the pigments also indicate zooplankton food sources and potential benthic-pelagic coupling.

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“…Many of the saline and brackish aquatic ecosystems of the Atacama desert and in southern Patagonia have a wide gradient of concentrations of DOC (De los Ríos, 2003). Consequently, it is reasonable to predict that there would be marked differences in the energy spent by individuals in developing photo-protection that would affect fecundity, individual growth, and absolute abundance of various populations (Rautio, 1998;Winder, 2001;Rautio & Korkhola, 2002a, 2002b. Indeed, integrated laboratory and field studies involving an array of brine shrimp natural sites and investigating the effect of variation in levels of protection provided by different concentrations of DOC protection against UVR damage, may be an important line of research to pursue in Chile from the sandpoint of conserving natural stocks of brine shrimp at a time of major changes in atmospheric conditions of planet Earth.…”

Section: Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artemia (Crustacea, Anostraca) in Chile: a review of basic and applied biology

Ríos-Escalante¹,

Salgado²

2012

lajar

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ABSTRACT. The brine shrimp Artemia in Chile has been studied since the 1980s, initially on populations inhabiting shallow coastal and inland mountain ponds, and saltworks in northern and central Chile. Based on morphometric and molecular evidence, these populations were identified as A. franciscana. In the 1990s, A. persimilis was recorded from southern Patagonia, a species previously considered endemic to Argentina. Recently, two new populations of A. franciscana have been recorded, from one saline coastal pond in northern Chile and from a saltwork in central Chile. The scope for further research to increase both understanding of the strain characterization and basic population ecology descriptions of the Chilean brine shrimps and improve their conservation status is discussed. It is suggested that future studies should investigate first the management of local brine shrimp population for local aquaculture or conservation resources, other direction would be the effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposition that is notoriously high in brine shrimp habitats. This last factor is very important because the UVR is an important mutagen on the genetic structure of the populations. In this scenario, it is suggest a carefully management for introduced brine shrimp populations for local aquaculture for avoid alterations in native populations that due their genetic isolation would need conservation procedures for avoid local extinctions. Keywords: Artemia, saline lakes, ultraviolet radiation, aquaculture, Chile.Artemia (Crustacea, Anostraca) en Chile: revisión de la biología básica y aplicada RESUMEN. El camarón de salmuera o Artemia ha sido estudiado en Chile desde la década de 1980, las primeras descripciones de poblaciones fueron para lagunas someras en zonas costeras y de montaña, y en salinas artificiales en la zona central y norte de Chile. Sobre la base de evidencias morfométricas y moleculares estas poblaciones fueron descritas como A. franciscana. En la década de 1990, se describió la presencia de A. persimilis en la zona sur de la Patagonia, lo cual fue una ampliación del rango de distribución significativa, pues esta especie se le consideró endémica de Argentina. Recientemente dos nuevas poblaciones de A. franciscana fueron reportadas en una laguna somera en el norte y para una salina artificial en la zona central. El objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar una investigación para entender la caracterización de poblaciones y ecología básica de las poblaciones chilenas del camarón de salmuera y discutir como mejorar el estado de la conservación de estas. Se discute que a futuro los estudios se deberían enfocar primero al manejo de poblaciones nativas para acuicultura local o como un recurso para su conservación, otras orientaciones de estudio, podrían ser los efectos de la radiación ultravioleta (UVR) que es notoriamente alta en los hábitats del camarón de salmuera. Este último factor es importante porque la radiación ultravioleta es un agente mutágeno importante en la estructura genética de las poblacione...

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UV‐induced pigmentation in subarctic Daphnia

Cited by 68 publications

References 15 publications

Plasticity in Pigmentation Induced by Conflicting Threats From Predation and Uv Radiation

Plasticity in Pigmentation Induced by Conflicting Threats From Predation and Uv Radiation

UV photoprotectants in arctic zooplankton

Artemia (Crustacea, Anostraca) in Chile: a review of basic and applied biology

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