Uzun süre farklı otlatma baskısında bir veya birden fazla hayvan türü ile otlatılan meraların bazı vejetasyon karakteristikleri (Durum çalışması: Zonguldak ili, Türkiye)

Abstract

Two studies were carried out to evaluate the rangelands subjected to grazing pressures (GP) at different levels with single (SSG, cattle) -or multi (MSG, cattle, sheep and goats)-grazing animals species (GAS) for a long time in Zonguldak province, Turkey. These studies were done in 2015 and 2016 years. The GP treatment was classified as <0.30 (very low, VL), 0.31 to 0.60 (low, L), 0.61 to 0.90 (high, H) and 0.91< (very high, VH) livestock unit (LU) ha -1 . The percentages of decreaser, increaser and invader range plant species, including shrub and herbaceous species and rangeland condition score interacted among the GP and GAS treatments. The percentages of decreaser species in the MSG communities under the L level and in the SSG communities under the VH level were higher compared to other treatments. The rate of shrub species in the VL rangeland subjected to SSG was higher than that in the VH rangeland. The rate of shrub species in VH range subjected to MSG was higher than that in other ranges subjected to MSG and in VH range subjected to SSG. The frequencies of decreaser and invader species of SSG were higher than that of MSG, but the frequency of increaser species was lower than that of MSG. The range condition class for the SSG and MSG rangelands were "poor" and "fair", respectively. These results indicate that increasing GP prevents animals from grazing selectively and the MSG system can contribute to the control of weeds.Uzun süre bir veya birden fazla hayvan türü ile farklı otlatma baskılarına maruz kalan meraların bazı vejetasyon özellikleri (Zonguldak ili örneği, Türkiye) Keywords: Grazing livestock Overgrazing Rangeland condition Response to grazing Stocking rate Weed control ÖZET Zonguldak ilinde uzun süre bir (BTO; sığır) veya birden fazla (karışık) hayvan türü (KTO; sığır, koyun ve keçi) ile farklı seviyelerde otlatma baskısına maruz kalan meraların değerlendirilmesi için 2015 ve 2016 yıllarında iki çalışma yapılmıştır. Otlatma baskısı muameleleri şu şekilde oluşturulmuştur: büyük baş hayvan birimi (BBHB) ha -1 <0.30 (çok düşük, ÇD), 0.31-0.60 (düşük, D), 0.61-0.90 (yüksek, Y) ve 0.91< (çok yüksek, ÇY). Çalı ve otsu türler de dâhil azalıcı, çoğalıcı ve istilacı bitki türleri ve mera durum skorları üzerine otlatma baskısı ve hayvan türü arasındaki etkileşimin etkisi önemli bulunmuştur. Çalı ve otsu türler de dâhil azalıcı, çoğalıcı ve istilacı bitki türleri ve mera durum skorları üzerine otlatma baskısı ve hayvan türü arasındaki etkileşimin etkisi önemli bulunmuştur. Azalıcı türlerin oranı bakımından, D otlatma basınçlı KTO sistemine ve ÇY otlatma basınçlı BTO sistemine ait meralar, diğer otlatma basınçlı sistemlere ait meralardan daha yüksek bir değere sahip olmuştur. BTO sistemine ait meralardaki çalı türlerinin yüzdesi, ÇD otlatma basıncında, ÇY otlatma basıncı ile karşılaştırıldığında daha yüksek bulunmuştur. ÇY otlatma basınçlı KTO sistemine ait meralardaki çalı türlerinin oranı, diğer otlatma basınçlı KTO sistemine ve ÇY otlatma basınçlı BTO sistemine ait meralardakinden daha yüksek bulunmuştur....

The Nutritional Dynamics of Common Weeds in the Rangelands of the Akdağ Mountains, Samsun

“…As noted herein, the high CP and low ADF and NDF contents of forages are generally associated with increased energy value or good forage quality (Kirilov et al, 2016;Zhai et al, 2018). Therefore, the highlighted weeds may be relative adequate to meet the nutritional needs of grazing livestock (Gutiérrez et al, 2008;Bunton et al, 2020;Maduro Dias et al, 2020) depending on the ratio of weeds in the rangeland (Uzun and Ocak, 2019). Indeed, a mixture containing 15% weeds and 85% desirable forages did not influence the forage intake or digestibility compared to 100% quality grass and legume mixture (Abaye et al, 2009).…”

“…This study was conducted as part of the major research project (TOVAG -214O228), namely "Experiments on development of quality index in forage crops based on relative forage quality (RFQ)". In this study, we evaluated 21 weed species, the most dominant species (Uzun and Ocak, 2019;Aydın et al, 2020) for the rangelands of Akdağ Mountains, Samsun, Türkiye (at nearly 1200 m above sea level). These rangelands, open to public grazing, has a climate in which summers are warm and humid, and winters are cool and damp (Aydin et al, 2019).…”

“…Rangeland-based livestock farming systems, called grazing systems, are still crucial in many countries, including Türkiye (Fırıncıoğlu et al, 2010;Uzun et al, 2015;Diaz-Medina et al, 2021). Sustainable use and maintenance of rangelands has been very considerable because of the vital feed resource for grazing ruminants (Uzun and Ocak, 2019;Diaz-Medina et al, 2021). Early and intensive grazing in grazing systems causes edible or desirable species to be replaced by non-preferred species (Töngel and Ayan, 2005;Uzun and Ocak, 2019).…”

“…Sustainable use and maintenance of rangelands has been very considerable because of the vital feed resource for grazing ruminants (Uzun and Ocak, 2019;Diaz-Medina et al, 2021). Early and intensive grazing in grazing systems causes edible or desirable species to be replaced by non-preferred species (Töngel and Ayan, 2005;Uzun and Ocak, 2019). As a result, non-preferred plant species, which are frequently regarded as less desirable or even worthless and harmful plants, have been classified as invaders or weeds (Khan et al, 2013;Koç et al, 2021).…”

“…The weeds are indicators of unproductive, unhealthy rangelands (Koç et al, 2021). However, many rangeland weeds, belonging to grasses, legumes, and other botanical families, are consumed by grazing animals (Abaye et al, 2009;Khan et al, 2013;Uzun and Ocak, 2019). Therefore, knowing the potential quality of individual weed species is essential for determining grazing time and range grazing capacity concerning meeting the nutrient requirements of grazing animals (Abaye et al, 2009;Kohl et al, 2012).…”