V2G enabled EVs providing frequency containment reserves: Field results

Abstract

Abstract-Frequency regulation is procured by transmission system operators (TSOs) to ensure stable and reliable operation of power systems. In the Nordic energy region, frequencycontrolled normal operation reserve (FNR) is one of the services that require fast-response. Electric vehicles (EVs) with vehicle to grid (V2G) capability may be considered an FNR provider in a future renewable-based power system. This paper presents results from the first commercial V2G hub in the Nordic area using the EV fleet of Frederiksberg Forsyning. The results are achieved by participating in the Danish frequency regulation market, and provide an analysis of the EV fleet operational data. Additionally, an analysis on practical issues that may result from realistic implementation of frequency regulation, such as delays, measurement errors and physical equipment constraints is given. These issues must be taken into account when developing new strategies for providing frequency services with EVs in a future scenario. Results show that a set of EVs operating in aggregated mode is able to support the grid while satisfying the primary goal of the EV fleet, i.e. transportation of fleet customers.

Economic value of electric vehicle reserve provision in the Nordic countries under driving requirements and charger losses

“…To handle this problem, the aggregator is offsetting the power dynamically as a function of the SOC, to avoid being fully charged or depleted. This is done even though the full charger capacity has been committed for FNR, which means it does not live up to the regulative requirements in the RG-CE or RG-N [23]. The aggregator reports a yearly revenue of 1000−1400 EUR per EV, based on an average plug-in time of 19 hours per day [24].…”

Distribution System Services Provided by Electric Vehicles: Recent Status, Challenges, and Future Prospects

“…Fig. 6b shows the total energy exchanged per hour of the same EV Nissan Leaf providing FNR to Energinet, the TSO in Denmark, through an ENEL V2G charger with 10 kW of power rated capacity during one complete day (data from Parker [24], a project in which a real demonstration of FNR provided by an EV fleet in Denmark is being carried out [139]). It can be seen from Fig.…”

The Parker Project: Cross-Brand Service Testing Using V2G

“…In addition to the R&D efforts above, Copenhagen has been host to the world's first commercial V2G hub [22]. Here, the utility Frederiksberg Forsyning is collaborating with Nissan, Enel and NUVVE, and the utilities fleet of e-NV200 vans has since fall 2016 participated in the frequency containment reserve market.…”