Vaba, Haiza, Kholera, Foklune or Cholera: in any language still the disease of seven pandemics

Stewart‐Tull, D. E. S.

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01493.x

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Such infections contribute significantly to the global disease burden (Payment and Riley 2002; Pruss et al 2002). Among the bacterial pathogens, toxigenic Vibrio cholerae , the aetiological agent of cholera, has caused several pandemics and still represents a serious problem, causing repeated epidemics especially in developing countries (Stewart-Tull 2001; Zahid et al 2008). Salmonella and Shigella species pose serious public health problems to the developing world (Mills-Robertson et al 2003; Deering et al 2012), and the threat from Escherichia coli pathotypes is a rising global challenge (Chigor et al 2010b; Bielaszewska et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on the bacteriological qualities of the Buffalo River and three source water dams along its course in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa

Chigor

Sibanda

Okoh

2012

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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The Buffalo River and its dams are major surface water sources used for fresh produce irrigation, raw water abstraction and recreation in parts of the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa. Over a 12-month period (August 2010 to July 2011), we assessed the bacteriological qualities of water from the river and 3 source water dams along its course. Faecal indicator bacteria (FIB), including total coliform (TC), faecal coliform (FC) and enterococci (ENT) counts, were high and ranged as follows: 1.9 × 102–3.8 × 107, 0–3.0 × 105 and 0–5.3 × 105 cfu/100 ml for TC, FC and ENT, respectively. Significantly (P < 0.05) higher concentrations of FC and ENT were observed at the sampling sites located at the lower reaches of the river compared to the upper reaches, and at Bridle Drift Dam compared to the other two dams. FIB counts mostly exceeded the recommended maximum values suggested by national and international guidelines for safe fresh produce irrigation, domestic applications, full-contact recreation and livestock watering. These results show that the bacteriological qualities of the Buffalo River and dams were poor, and suggest that sewage was dumped into the Buffalo River during the study period. Urban runoffs and effluents of wastewater treatment plants appear to be important sources of faecal contamination in the river. We conclude that these water bodies represent significant public health hazards. Provision of adequate sanitary infrastructure will help prevent source water contamination, and public health education aimed at improving personal, household and community hygiene is imperative.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11356-012-1348-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on the bacteriological qualities of the Buffalo River and three source water dams along its course in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa

Chigor

Sibanda

Okoh

2012

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…1,2 The massive rice water diarrhea, which is the hallmark of cholera, occurs only after CT enters intestinal epithelial cells and ADP ribosylates the α-subunit of the adenylate cyclase regulatory protein, G s . [3][4][5][6] Analogous to other intracellular-acting toxins, 7 the potency of CT and other members of the AB5 toxin family is dependent on the activation of the toxin's enzymatic domain during the cellular entry process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Order–Disorder–Order Transitions Mediate the Activation of Cholera Toxin

Ampapathi

Creath

Lou

et al. 2008

Journal of Molecular Biology

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Cholera toxin (CT) holotoxin must be activated to intoxicate host cells. This process requires the intracellular dissociation of the enzymatic CTA1 domain from the holotoxin components CTA2 and B5, followed by subsequent interaction with the host factor ADP ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6)-GTP. We report the first NMR-based solution structural data for the CT enzymatic domain (CTA1). We show that this free enzymatic domain partially unfolds at the C-terminus and binds its protein partners at both the beginning and the end of this activation process. Deviations from random coil chemical shifts (Delta delta(coil)) indicate helix formation in the activation loop, which is essential to open the toxin's active site and occurs prior to its association with human protein ARF6. We performed NMR titrations of both free CTA1 and an active CTA1:ARF6-GTP complex with NAD(+), which revealed that the formation of the complex does not significantly enhance NAD(+) binding. Partial unfolding of CTA1 is further illustrated by using 4,4'-bis(1-anilinonaphthalene 8-sulfonate) fluorescence as an indicator of the exposed hydrophobic character of the free enzyme, which is substantially reduced when bound to ARF6-GTP. We propose that the primary role of ARF6's allostery is to induce refolding of the C-terminus of CTA1. Thus, as a folded globular toxin complex, CTA1 escapes the chaperone and proteasomal components of the endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation pathway in the cytosol and then proceeds to ADP ribosylate its target G(s)alpha, triggering the downstream events associated with the pathophysiology of cholera.

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“…In the following decades, important insights were made into the epidemiology and transmission of cholera by John Snow and others, and the causative agent by Filippo Pancini and Robert Koch. 2 Whereas the implementation of these advances has relegated cholera to a historical footnote in industrialized countries, considerable morbidity from infectious diarrhea associated with other pathogens is still commonly experienced in the developed world. Elsewhere, in resource poor countries, cholera epidemics continue to occur, and in south Asia this 19th Century scourge remains endemic.…”

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Infectious Diarrhea in Developed and Developing Countries

Cheng¹,

McDonald²,

Thielman³

2005

Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology

108

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Diarrhea from gastrointestinal infection remains a common problem. In industrialized countries, management is aimed at reducing morbidity and defining groups that may benefit from further investigation. Most infectious diarrhea is self-limiting and only requires supportive management. Viral agents are increasingly recognized as causative agents of epidemic and sporadic diarrhea. In developing countries, diarrhea is a major cause of mortality in children. Oral rehydration therapy, guided by a clinical assessment of the degree of dehydration, is cheap, simple, and effective and remains the mainstay of management of infant diarrhea. Controversies focus on the optimal formulation of oral rehydration solution. A vaccine against rotavirus has the potential to save millions of lives worldwide.

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Vaba, Haiza, Kholera, Foklune or Cholera: in any language still the disease of seven pandemics

Cited by 8 publications

References 18 publications

Studies on the bacteriological qualities of the Buffalo River and three source water dams along its course in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa

Studies on the bacteriological qualities of the Buffalo River and three source water dams along its course in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa

Order–Disorder–Order Transitions Mediate the Activation of Cholera Toxin

Infectious Diarrhea in Developed and Developing Countries

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