Vaccination Management of Beef Cattle

Richeson, J. T.; Hughes, H. D.; Broadway, P. R.; Carroll, Jeffery A

doi:10.1016/j.cvfa.2019.07.003

Cited by 34 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…The large number of BRD vaccines available in the United States has been recognised as a potential problem, specifically with the administration of multiple endotoxins, where two or more Gram negative killed bacterin vaccines are used. 33 The negative effects on cattle health and production that can occur in response to the use of multiple Gram negative BRD killed bacterins should be considered, and avoided, with the increasing use of autogenous vaccines in Australian feedlots. Delaying vaccination after feedlot arrival could increase vaccine efficacy due to the re-establishment of immunocompentence prior to vaccination, but the results of this have been variable.…”

Section: Animal Preparationequivocal Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Delaying vaccination after feedlot arrival could increase vaccine efficacy due to the re-establishment of immunocompentence prior to vaccination, but the results of this have been variable. 33 Furthermore, the importance of implementing BRD vaccination at least several wk before feedlot delivery to immunocompetent cattle, and the potential for some MLV vaccines to replicate excessively in immunocompromised cattle, thereby having negative effects on health and production, have been recognised. 34 In Australia, a larger mean breeder herd size and greater integration across the supply chain provides opportunities for more detailed investigation of the optimum timing of vaccination on the properties of origin.…”

Section: Animal Preparationequivocal Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The negative effects on cattle health and production that can occur in response to the use of multiple Gram negative BRD killed bacterins should be considered, and avoided, with the increasing use of autogenous vaccines in Australian feedlots. Delaying vaccination after feedlot arrival could increase vaccine efficacy due to the re‐establishment of immunocompentence prior to vaccination, but the results of this have been variable 33 . Furthermore, the importance of implementing BRD vaccination at least several wk before feedlot delivery to immunocompetent cattle, and the potential for some MLV vaccines to replicate excessively in immunocompromised cattle, thereby having negative effects on health and production, have been recognised 34 .…”

Section: Animal Preparation – Equivocal Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of practices used to reduce the incidence of bovine respiratory disease in Australian feedlots (to November 2021)

Cusack

2023

Aust Veterinary J

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Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) has been identified as the most significant infectious disease of feedlot cattle in eastern Australia.1 Bovine respiratory disease causes economic loss due to medication costs, mortalities, excessive feed inputs associated with increased time on feed, reduced sale prices and associated labour costs. Bovine respiratory disease is a complex multifactorial condition with multiple animal, environmental and management risk factors predisposing cattle to illness. A range of microorganisms are implicated in BRD with at least four viral and five bacterial species commonly involved individually or in combination. The viruses most commonly associated with BRD in Australia are bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV or bovine pestivirus), bovine parainfluenza 3 virus (PI3) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV). More recently, bovine coronavirus has been identified as a potential viral contributor to BRD in Australia.2 A number of bacterial species have also been recognised as important to the BRD complex; these include Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somni, Trueperella pyogenes and Mycoplasma bovis. Although one or more of the pathogens listed above can be isolated from clinical cases of BRD, there is no evidence that infection alone causes serious illness. This indicates that, in addition to specific infectious agents, other factors are crucial for the development of BRD under field conditions. These can be categorised as environmental, animal and management risk factors. These risk factors are likely to exert their effects through multiple pathways including reductions in systemic and possibly local immunity. For example, stressors such as weaning, handling at saleyards, transport, dehydration, weather conditions, dietary changes, comingling and pen competition might reduce the effectiveness of the immune system. Reduced immunocompetence can allow opportunistic infection of the lower airways with potential pathogens leading to the development of BRD. The objective of this paper is to critically review the evidence for management practices aimed at reducing the incidence of BRD in Australian feedlot cattle. Predisposing factors (Table 1) largely beyond the control of most feedlots, such as weather and exposure to respiratory viruses, are discussed separately, but these factors can generate indirect prevention responses that are discussed under the preventative practices categories. The current practices are classified as either animal preparation practices (Table 2) or feedlot management practices (Table 3).

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Section: Animal Preparationequivocal Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Animal Preparationequivocal Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Animal Preparation – Equivocal Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of practices used to reduce the incidence of bovine respiratory disease in Australian feedlots (to November 2021)

Cusack

2023

Aust Veterinary J

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“…Use of modified live-virus vaccines against respiratory pathogens in cattle upon feedlot arrival has been consistently recommended; however, emerging data suggest that it might not be optimal (152). This is because the stress associated with transportation leads to increased levels of cortisol and other pro-inflammatory factors that compromise vaccine efficacy.…”

Section: Existing Vaccines and Their Efficacymentioning

confidence: 99%

Bovine Immunology: Implications for Dairy Cattle

Vlasova

Saif

2021

Front. Immunol.

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The growing world population (7.8 billion) exerts an increased pressure on the cattle industry amongst others. Intensification and expansion of milk and beef production inevitably leads to increased risk of infectious disease spread and exacerbation. This indicates that improved understanding of cattle immune function is needed to provide optimal tools to combat the existing and future pathogens and improve food security. While dairy and beef cattle production is easily the world’s most important agricultural industry, there are few current comprehensive reviews of bovine immunobiology. High-yielding dairy cattle and their calves are more vulnerable to various diseases leading to shorter life expectancy and reduced environmental fitness. In this manuscript, we seek to fill this paucity of knowledge and provide an up-to-date overview of immune function in cattle emphasizing the unresolved challenges and most urgent needs in rearing dairy calves. We will also discuss how the combination of available preventative and treatment strategies and herd management practices can maintain optimal health in dairy cows during the transition (periparturient) period and in neonatal calves.

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“…Although many diseases can be controlled through vaccination where vaccines are available, the vaccination campaign cost and cold-chain delivery impede their widespread use, especially in isolated rural areas [ 19 , 25 , 26 ]. The right choice for Africa is, therefore, to vaccinate against multiple diseases with combined vaccines to improve coverage and to save cost [ 23 , 27 , 28 , 29 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of a Combined Live Attenuated Vaccine against Lumpy Skin Disease, Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia and Rift Valley Fever

Bamouh,

Elarkam,

Elmejdoub

et al. 2024

Vaccines

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The use of effective vaccines is among the most important strategies for the prevention and progressive control of transboundary infectious animal diseases. However, the use of vaccine is often impeded by the cost, a lack of cold chains and other factors. In resource-limited countries in Africa, one approach to improve coverage and reduce cost is to vaccinate against multiple diseases using combined vaccines. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate a combined vaccine for the prevention and control of Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD), Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) and Rift Valley fever (RVF). The LSD and CBPP were formulated as a combined vaccine, and the RVF was formulated separately as live attenuated vaccines. These consisted of a Mycoplasma MmmSC T1/44 strain that was propagated in Hayflick-modified medium, RVF virus vaccine, C13T strain prepared in African green monkey cells (Vero), and the LSDV Neethling vaccine strain prepared in primary testis cells. The vaccines were tested for safety via the subcutaneous route in both young calves and pregnant heifers with no side effect, abortion or teratogenicity. The vaccination of calves induced seroconversions for all three vaccines starting from day 7 post-vaccination (PV), with rates of 50% for LSD, 70% for CBPP and 100% for RVF, or rates similar to those obtained with monovalent vaccines. The challenge of cattle vaccinated with the LSD/CBPP and the RVF vaccine afforded full protection against virulent strains of LSDV and RVFV. A satisfactory level of protection against a CBPP challenge was observed, with 50% of protection at 6 months and 81% at 13 months PV. A mass vaccination trial was performed in four regions of Burkina Faso that confirmed safety and specific antibody responses induced by the vaccines. The multivalent LSD/CBPP+RVF vaccine provides a novel and beneficial approach to the control of the three diseases through one intervention and, therefore, reduces the cost and improves vaccination coverage.

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Vaccination Management of Beef Cattle

Cited by 34 publications

References 47 publications

Evaluation of practices used to reduce the incidence of bovine respiratory disease in Australian feedlots (to November 2021)

Evaluation of practices used to reduce the incidence of bovine respiratory disease in Australian feedlots (to November 2021)

Bovine Immunology: Implications for Dairy Cattle

Evaluation of a Combined Live Attenuated Vaccine against Lumpy Skin Disease, Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia and Rift Valley Fever

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