Vaccination with Live Yersinia pestis Primes CD4 and CD8 T Cells That Synergistically Protect against Lethal Pulmonary Y. pestis Infection

Manipulation of Interleukin-1β and Interleukin-18 Production by Yersinia pestis Effectors YopJ and YopM and Redundant Impact on Virulence

“…We found that wild-type mice that survive initial challenge with KIM1001⌬M/J were effectively protected from subsequent infection with fully virulent Y. pestis (Fig. 3D) and T cells appear to play a key role (32,33). To explore this question further, we subjected mice lacking T cell receptors (TCR ␤/␦ Ϫ/Ϫ mice lack both ␣␤ and ␥␦ TCRs) (34) to the same subcutaneous challenge with KIM1001⌬M/J as in Fig.…”

Yersinia pestisbiovarMicrotusstrain 201, an avirulent strain to humans, provides protection against bubonic plague in rhesus macaques

“…It is suggested that vaccines effectively prime both humoral and cellular immunity could provide superior defense against pneumonic plague. 7,8,41,42 The current study showed that immunization with the Y. pestis strain 201 could induce both cytokine-mediated Th1-type cellular immune response and Th2-type humoral immune response. Therefore, we speculate that the Y. pestis strain 201 might have the potential to provide effective protection against pneumonic plague.…”

“…Y. pestis killed whole cell vaccines only have a short protection against bubonic plague and are needed for frequent boosting to maintain immunity. 5,6 Live attenuated vaccine EV provides the theoretical advantage of simultaneously priming immunity against many antigens, and is able to elicit both humoral response and cell-mediated immunity, 7,8 and is effective against bubonic and pneumonic plague in humans, but it shows side effects of varying severity and has not been used in the Western world. 5,9,10 Other types of live attenuated plague vaccines to induce protective immunity include the introduction of Y. pestis antigens in live attenuated Salmonella and Y. pseudotuberculosis etc.…”

Role of immune response in Yersinia pestis infection

“…Recently, there has been considerable interest in using transgenic plants to generate compounds for medical and veterinary use [72,73]. The use of a unique vector for robust expression of Y. pestis rF1, rV, and rF1-V fusion proteins in the leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana was described [74,75].…”