Vaccine adjuvant formulations: A pharmaceutical perspective

On vaccine's adjuvants and autoimmunity: Current evidence and future perspectives

“…Subsequent attempts to create more tolerable formulations allowed the production of the first approved emulsion adjuvant, MF59, an oil-in-water emulsion based on a biodegradable oil [59].…”

Influence of trehalose 6,6′-diester (TDX) chain length on the physicochemical and immunopotentiating properties of DDA/TDX liposomes

“…Subunit vaccine formulations are therefore highly complex formulations consisting of one or more antigens, often covalently linked into larger fusion proteins, in combination with adjuvants. This poses a demand for extensive physicochemical and functional characterization of such vaccine formulations in order to define and understand critical quality attributes important for optimal safety and efficacy [6,7].…”

Programming of Influenza Vaccine Broadness and Persistence by Mucoadhesive Polymer-Based Adjuvant Systems

“…It can act as a mucoadhesive delivery vehicle for recombinant protein Ags and also provide an easy and robust strategy for the incorporation of hydrophobic immunostimulatory compounds such as 3-O-desacyl-49-monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and QS21. MPL is a detoxified derivative of a LPS from the Re595 strain of Salmonella minnesota and was demonstrated to act through a member of the TLR family, TLR4 (22,23). MPL-stimulated dendritic cells, acting as APCs, have been shown to express increased levels of costimulatory molecules and to secrete cytokines that are crucial for the activation and differentiation of B and T cells (22,23).…”

“…MPL is a detoxified derivative of a LPS from the Re595 strain of Salmonella minnesota and was demonstrated to act through a member of the TLR family, TLR4 (22,23). MPL-stimulated dendritic cells, acting as APCs, have been shown to express increased levels of costimulatory molecules and to secrete cytokines that are crucial for the activation and differentiation of B and T cells (22,23). However, MPL is a poorly soluble compound that is difficult to disperse in an aqueous solution.…”

“…However, MPL is a poorly soluble compound that is difficult to disperse in an aqueous solution. Various solubility-enhancing approaches are therefore used, including formulation in emulsions, formulation in aqueous dispersions containing low amounts of surfactants or helper lipids, and inclusion in liposomes (23)(24)(25). QS21 is a highly purified saponin extracted from the bark of a South American tree, Quillaja saponaria Molina, and has been evaluated extensively as an adjuvant for human vaccines with clinical trials ongoing or completed for a number of diseases, including melanoma, influenza, HSV, and HIV-1 (26,27).…”