Vaccine Adjuvants: The Current Necessity of Life

Abstract

Context:Vaccination is considered as the most cost effective method for the prevention of human diseases. For this prevention method, we need certain substances to increase or boost the antibody as well as cell-mediated immune response against various bacterial as well as viral pathogens. Until now, alum was considered as the safest adjuvant for human use, licensed by the United States Food and Drug Administration. Due to the poor adjuvanticity of alum, conventional vaccines require multiple recall injections, at different time intervals, to attain or sustain the optimal immune response. The present review discusses about the necessity of adjuvants for vaccines. Evidence Acquisition: A number of factors such as slow release of antigen (depot effect), more efficient delivery of antigen to draining lymph nodes, non-specific activation of antigen-presenting cells or of B and/or T-lymphocytes, increased uptake of antigen by antigenpresenting cells or increased recruitment of immune cells to the site where the antigen is present, can contribute to increased immune responses to immunization. Many of these factors involve the interaction of various immune system components and specific anatomical features, making them difficult to replicate in model systems in vitro. Results: Despite the development of many potent adjuvant formulations with vaccine antigen during the last 80 -90 years, aluminum compounds are still the only approved adjuvants used for routine human vaccines. Conclusions: Based on pre-clinical and preliminary clinical observations, it appears that the range of adjuvants accepted for human vaccines will expand in the coming years.

Staphylococcus aureus derived hyaluronic acid and bacillus Calmette-Guérin purified proteins as immune enhancers to rabies vaccine and related immuno-histopathological alterations

“…Contrary to our findings, another study pointed out that although βPL is a common inactivating agent but sometimes it failed to inactivate the virus completely. On the other hand, H 2 O 2 retains its viral inactivation potential without causing destruction of the antigenic epitopes [ 10 ]. The present study also highlighted the effectiveness of BEI to inactivate rabies virus, where it completely inactivated the virus within 12 hours and the potency of the BEI inactivated vaccine was 4.2 IU/mL.…”

“…Additionally, there is always a need to improve the immune-enhancing potentials of the prepared cell culture-based rabies vaccines in developing countries via the use of adjuvants such as alum [ 9 ]. In alum adjuvanted vaccines the antigen becomes readily absorbed by the subject and more immunogenic [ 10 ]. On the other side, searching for an alternative adjuvant to alum is an essential issue in order to overcome its well-known side effects [ 9 ].…”

From Bench to Field: A Guide to Formulating and Evaluating Anti-Tick Vaccines Delving beyond Efficacy to Effectiveness

“…For instance, McCluskie et al [ 120 ] demonstrates that parenteral prime and mucosal boost vaccination elicits a diverse immune response. Finally, it is worthwhile to further exploit the benefits conferred by adjuvants when combined with vaccines [ 118 ], and to remember that the route could be influenced by adjuvants [ 124 , 125 ].…”

Enfeksiyöz Nekrotik Hepatitis Aşısının Üretiminde Poli (D, L-Laktik-Ko-Glikolik Asit) (PLGA) Biyopolimerinin Adjuvant Etkisinin Araştırılması

“…Alüminyum tuzları, MF59, ASO3, ASO4 ve virozomlar insan aşılarında kullanılan lisanslı adjuvantlardır [26]. Adjuvantlar depo etkisi göstererek antijenlerin yavaş salınımını sağlarlar ve bağışıklığın şekillenmesinde görev alan antijen sunan hücreler, B ve T lenfositlerinin nonspesifik aktivasyonuna yol açarlar [13]. Adjuvantlarla birlikte alınan antijenlerin çoğu dendtritik hücreler tarafından lenf nodüllerine taşınır.…”