Vaccine Delivery by Precipitation (VDBP) Lessons from Poison Ivy for Protein Antigens in General and Specifically for SARS Co-V2

Abstract

Vaccine Delivery by Precipitation (VDBP) is the precipitation of hundreds of thousands to millions of micron-sized particles of a water-insoluble antigen within a volume of a recipient tissue as a water-miscible solvent in which the antigen was administered is diluted by the water content of the recipient tissue. Particles sized 0.5 to 5 microns, taken up by dendritic cells by "macropinocytosis," are presented to naive T cells for immunomodulation with sufficient potency to have achieved the world's first induction of tolerance in patients previously sensitized to poison ivy. Here, we discuss VDBP applications to therapeutic modulation of immunologic reactivity to proteins. These include immunomodulation from sensitization to tolerance in allergic diseases. They also include immunomodulation from tolerance ro protective sensitization in cancer and from immunological naivete (lack of any current response because of lack of prior exposure) to protective sensitization for infectious diseases. We discuss the development of a VDBP vaccine for SARS Cov-V2 as a specific application of the latter technology.