Vaccine delivery using nanoparticles

Abstract

Vaccination has had a major impact on the control of infectious diseases. However, there are still many infectious diseases for which the development of an effective vaccine has been elusive. In many cases the failure to devise vaccines is a consequence of the inability of vaccine candidates to evoke appropriate immune responses. This is especially true where cellular immunity is required for protective immunity and this problem is compounded by the move toward devising sub-unit vaccines. Over the past decade nanoscale size (<1000 nm) materials such as virus-like particles, liposomes, ISCOMs, polymeric, and non-degradable nanospheres have received attention as potential delivery vehicles for vaccine antigens which can both stabilize vaccine antigens and act as adjuvants. Importantly, some of these nanoparticles (NPs) are able to enter antigen-presenting cells by different pathways, thereby modulating the immune response to the antigen. This may be critical for the induction of protective Th1-type immune responses to intracellular pathogens. Their properties also make them suitable for the delivery of antigens at mucosal surfaces and for intradermal administration. In this review we compare the utilities of different NP systems for the delivery of sub-unit vaccines and evaluate the potential of these delivery systems for the development of new vaccines against a range of pathogens.

Delivery strategies to enhance oral vaccination against enteric infections

“…Furthermore, polymer selection can influence intrinsic adjuvant effects, biocompatibility and biodegradability. The most widely studied particles so far are those produced from poly(α-hydroxyl acids), poly(amino acids) and polysaccharides with the most common polymers being poly(lacticco-glycolic acid) (PLGA), poly(lactic acid) (PLA), β-glucans, alginate and chitosan [186][187][188]. While biodegradable particles have been extensively investigated for vaccine delivery, the potential of nonbiodegradable alternatives such as carbon, silica and gold has also been suggested.…”

Polyvalent vaccine approaches to combat HIV‐1 diversity

“…DNA administration, which exploits host cellular processes for antigen expression,78, 79, 80 is the simplest approach that may be feasible. In addition to administration of naked DNA with electroporation, several biotechnology alternatives exist as DNA vaccine delivery methods, and new technologies continue to offer promise 81, 82, 83, 84. Another unresolved question is how best to deliver such a complex set of antigens.…”

Multifunctional nanoparticles for cancer immunotherapy

“…31 For example, certain cationic lipids such as the DOTAP used to prepare liposomes are immunostimulatory. 32 It was shown that treatment of DCs with these cationic liposomes induced both CD80/CD86 expression on DCs surface and the release of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-a by DCs. 32 However, the adjuvant activity of NPs is depended on the physicochemical properties (e.g.…”

“…32 It was shown that treatment of DCs with these cationic liposomes induced both CD80/CD86 expression on DCs surface and the release of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-a by DCs. 32 However, the adjuvant activity of NPs is depended on the physicochemical properties (e.g. the material's composition, particle size, surface charge, production methods, and additional surface modifications) and should be explored further.…”