Vaccine Development against COVID-19: Study from Pre-Clinical Phases to Clinical Trials and Global Use

Abstract

As per the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 288 vaccines against COVID-19 are being developed, with an estimated 184 being presently investigated in the pre-clinical phases, while 104 of these vaccine candidates are at various stages of clinical trials. Twelve of these are in the advanced stages of clinical investigation, and promising results in the phase 3 trials have already paved the way for their regulatory approval and subsequent dissemination for global use. Preliminary and interim results of some of these candidate vaccines are being analyzed for public dissemination. Some of these vaccines have already been rolled out to immunize not only the highest risk individuals but also the general population in several countries. Once their safety and efficacy are established, the next limiting step would be their mass manufacturing by the pharmaceutical companies to fulfill the global demand. The challenge of manufacturing billions of doses of high-quality vaccines is under-appreciated at the moment. A massive vaccination drive would be needed to protect people of all ages. The timely and coordinated execution of the vaccination effort would require unprecedented coordination at the national and international levels for generating funds to purchase the required doses of vaccines, fair distribution of doses and managing the mechanics of delivering vaccines throughout the world.

Evaluation of anti-spike glycoprotein antibody and neutralizing antibody response of different vaccine platforms. A protocol of systematic review and meta-analysis of COVID-19 vaccine clinical trial studies

“…So far, various prophylactic vaccines with different efficacy and safety have been approved for the COVID-19, depending on their structure and ability to elicit immune responses (30)(31)(32)(33). Multiple preclinical and clinical trial studies have been conducted or are underway to examine various aspects of COVID-19 vaccine platforms (15,17,34). However, there are differing views on the efficacy and safety of these platforms based on the reported results of different studies (35,36).…”

“…Because of rapid transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among the people, there is an urgent need to prevent people from infection or hospitalization and control the disease. For this purpose, candidate vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 were developed and several of them evaluated the pre-clinical and clinical studies with published articles (15)(16)(17)(18). There are several vaccine platforms against SARS-CoV-2 with different adverse reactions, immunogenicity, and efficacy (19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24).…”

A Review of Different Vaccines and Strategies to Combat COVID-19

“…The vaccine can be stored at 2–8 °C. Injection-site tenderness, fatigue, chills, fever, redness, headache, and muscle pain are some of the common side effects of this vaccine [ 97 , 98 ].…”

Smart Mushroom-Inspired Imprintable and Lightly Detachable (MILD) Microneedle Patterns for Effective COVID-19 Vaccination and Decentralized Information Storage

“… 6 Encouragingly, approximately 300 vaccine products with promising potential are now under preclinical or clinical investigation. 7 Several approved vaccines (inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (Vero cell) from Sinopharm, China National Biotec Group Company; BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine from Pfizer-BioNTech; mRNA-1273 vaccine from Moderna, Inc., etc. ) have displayed exciting efficacy with satisfactory safety, bringing great hope in containing the COVID-19 pandemic.…”