Vaccine-induced Rabies in a Red Fox (<i>Vulpes vulpes</i>): Isolation of Vaccine Virus in Brain Tissue and Salivary Glands

Hostnik, Peter; Rihtarič, Danijela; Toplak, Ivan; Cliquet, Florence

doi:10.7589/2013-07-183

Cited by 34 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Strikingly, in contrast to the ERA vaccine-induced rabies cases, for the SAD Bern orig -induced rabies cases no SNVs already present in the progenitor vaccines were selected, even though a higher number of variants were detected in the SAD Bern orig -derived vaccine virus strain (N mean ≈ 47, see Table S8, Supplementary File) than in the ERA-BHK21 strain (N = 31, see Figure 2 and Table S7). Also, the consensus sequences of viruses from the SAD Bern orig vaccine-induced rabies cases showed a high sequence identity to their progenitor vaccine virus strain at the consensus level, ranging from zero to four nucleotide exchanges, confirming previous studies [13,15,18].…”

Section: Sad Bern Orig -Derived Cases Are Defined By High Sequence Idsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Although various studies have focused on oral rabies vaccine-induced cases [1,7,13,18,33], only a few studies have comprehensively investigated those cases and their progenitor vaccine viruses at a population level [14,15]. The latter showed a high genetic heterogeneity in different vaccine virus strains as opposed to viruses from vaccine-induced rabies cases, indicating a substantial loss in viral population diversity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Population- and Variant-Based Genome Analyses of Viruses from Vaccine-Derived Rabies Cases Demonstrate Product Specific Clusters and Unique Patterns

Calvelage

Smreczak

Orłowska

et al. 2020

Viruses

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Rabies in wildlife has been successfully controlled in parts of Europe and North America using oral rabies vaccination, i.e., the distribution of baits containing live-attenuated virus strains. Occasionally, these vaccines caused vaccine virus-induced rabies cases. To elucidate the mechanisms of genetic selection and the effect of viral populations on these rabies cases, a next generation sequencing approach as well as comprehensive data analyses of the genetic diversity of Street Alabama Dufferin (SAD) and ERA vaccine virus strains and vaccine-induced rabies cases from Canada and several European countries were conducted. As a result, twelve newly generated sets of sequencing data from Canada and Poland were added to a pool of previously investigated samples. While the population-based analysis showed a segregation of viruses of ERA vaccine-induced rabies cases from those of SAD Bern original (SAD Bern orig )-derived rabies cases, the in-depth variant analysis revealed three distinct combinations of selected variants for the ERA vaccine-induced cases, suggesting the presence of multiple replication-competent haplotypes in the investigated ERA-BHK21 vaccine. Our findings demonstrate the potential of a deep sequencing approach in combination with comprehensive analyses on the consensus, population, and variant level.

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Section: Sad Bern Orig -Derived Cases Are Defined By High Sequence Idsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population- and Variant-Based Genome Analyses of Viruses from Vaccine-Derived Rabies Cases Demonstrate Product Specific Clusters and Unique Patterns

Calvelage

Smreczak

Orłowska

et al. 2020

Viruses

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“…One is Rabigen SAG2™, produced by Virbac SA, France (101), and the other is Raboral V-RG ® , produced by Merial Inc., USA (102). The other commercial vaccines have residual virulence that can induce rabies, in target and non-target species (103, 104). …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Century Spent Combating Rabies in Morocco (1911–2015): How Much Longer?

et al. 2017

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Rabies has no known beginning in Morocco and to date, government control efforts and plans fail to eradicate the disease. A review and analysis of available epidemiological data are crucial to learn lessons from the past and to propose effective actions. Legally, animal rabies is a notifiable disease since 1913 and legislation has been updated periodically since. Dogs have always been considered as both the disease’s vector and reservoir, while cattle, other herbivores, and humans are victims. Animal rabies cases evolution from 1942 to 2015 is characterized by ascending phase then decreasing one following structured rabies control plan implementation in 1980s. Indeed, from 1986 to 2010, three rabies control plans have been conducted based on free of charge rabies vaccination of owned dogs through mass campaigns. The geographical distribution of rabies is stable over the years with highest cases number in rich rural areas and around cities. Human rabies cases are decreasing over the time (1976–2015) thanks to the opening of new antirabic treatment centers in the last decade which permit the administration of more PEPs. After a century of rabies control, Morocco registered an average of 301 animal cases and 21 human cases annually for the last decade (2005–2015). Few reasons led to those limited results. The lack in law enforcement and, moreover, the fact that the law do not take into account responsible dog ownership aspect are of importance. Lack of dog population knowledge and management and intersectoral coordination deficiency are additional failure reasons. The gathered data will help to build a new strategy with a focus on a “One Health” approach. Dog population ecology parameters’ study is of primary importance. We estimated dog population to be 2.8 million dogs based on human:dog ratio. Enhancing vaccination coverage of dog population is feasible by combining parenteral vaccination and complementary oral vaccination. Updating legislation by inclusion of responsible dog ownership and law enforcement are crucial. Over the last century, Morocco registered a slow decreasing tendency in the number of animal and human rabies cases. Urgent strategy need to be implemented because rabies elimination is an achievable goal in Morocco.

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“…Salivary glands of positive foxes were not investigated. More recently, a paper demonstrated that a vaccineassociated virus might have been present in the brain tissue and also in the salivary glands of a naturally infected fox in an area vaccinated with the SAD B19 vaccine in Slovenia (Hostnik et al, 2014). Only one animal was tested for salivary excretion and was negative.…”

Section: Safetymentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on oral vaccination of foxes and raccoon dogs against rabies

2015

EFS2

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An assessment of a report issued by the European Commission in 2002 is presented about the oral vaccination of foxes against rabies, as well as additional topics such as the rabies aetiology and its occurrence in Europe, the target species for oral vaccination, i.e. foxes and raccoon dogs, the oral vaccines available and their thermostability, rabies surveillance and monitoring, and the recent international guidelines for rabies surveillance are discussed. Foxes are the only known reservoir for rabies in Europe, and raccoon dogs are important transmitters, while other carnivores play a less important epidemiological role. The demographic expansion of raccoon dogs and their movements after hibernation are risk factors for rabies recurrence. The combined densities of foxes and raccoon dogs, which often share the same habitats, could allow rabies epizootics to persist. The epidemiological role and the pathogenesis of rabies in raccoon dogs and other carnivores must still be clarified. Four vaccines are authorised in the EU and their effectiveness is proven to successfully contribute to rabies elimination. Experimental and field evidence shows that climatic and weather conditions may impact on bait casings and vaccine stability. Data on the stability of vaccine baits under different field conditions should be provided. It is recommended that bait should keep its integrity at the release point. Because of bait stability issues, the season most appropriate for implementing oral rabies vaccination or a heat-stable vaccine should be considered. Rabies surveillance and monitoring of vaccination, based on assessment of bait uptake and seroconversion in host species, are important tools for the evaluation and adjustment of vaccination campaigns, although alternatives to tetracyclines as biomarkers should be developed. Oral immunisation by vaccine baits has proven to be successful in eliminating terrestrial wildlife rabies, but long-term strategy, temporal continuity of vaccination and cross-border cooperation are needed and recommended. Acknowledgements:The Panel wishes to thank Florence Cliquet, Paola De Benedictis, Kaarina Kauhala, Edvīns Oļševskis, Liisa Sihvonen (Chair) and Marcin Smreczak for the preparatory work on this scientific output, the hearing expert Thomas Müller and EFSA staff members Alessandro Broglia and Marianne Carson for the support provided to this scientific output. Suggested citation: EFSA AHAW Panel (EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare), 2015. Scientific opinion -Update on oral vaccination of foxes and raccoon dogs against rabies.

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Vaccine-induced Rabies in a Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes): Isolation of Vaccine Virus in Brain Tissue and Salivary Glands

Cited by 34 publications

References 11 publications

Population- and Variant-Based Genome Analyses of Viruses from Vaccine-Derived Rabies Cases Demonstrate Product Specific Clusters and Unique Patterns

Population- and Variant-Based Genome Analyses of Viruses from Vaccine-Derived Rabies Cases Demonstrate Product Specific Clusters and Unique Patterns

A Century Spent Combating Rabies in Morocco (1911–2015): How Much Longer?

Update on oral vaccination of foxes and raccoon dogs against rabies

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