“…Salmonella 4 (Berghaus et al, 2011;El-Ghany et al, 2012;Kogut et al, 2012;Pavic et al, 2010) 0 8 (De Cort et al, 2013;De Cort et al, 2015;De Cort et al, 2014;Hayashi, Tujimoto-Silva, et al, 2018;Imre et al, 2015;Muniz et al, 2017;Penha et al, 2010;Rubinelli et al, 2015) 2 (Wolfenden et al, 2010;Yang et al, 2017) 1 (Chalghoumi et al, 2009) 1 (Dorea et Layton et al, 2011;Nothaft et al, 2017) 1 (Hermans et al, 2014) 0 ceca to below the detection limit (Annamalai et al, 2013;Layton et al, 2011), while the remainder saw reductions of 0.64-3 log 10 CFU/g cecal contents (Hodgins et al, 2015;Kobierecka et al, 2016;Neal-McKinney et al, 2014;Singh et al, 2019;Taha-Abdelaziz et al, 2018). Notably in one study, the combination of probiotics with a vaccine candidate led to an average ∼7 log 10 CFU/g reduction, with C. jejuni below detection levels in the majority of birds, significantly more effective than separate use of the vaccine or probiotics alone (2 log 10 CFU/g reduction and no change at all, respectively) (Nothaft et al, 2017).…”