Vaccine stockouts around the world: Are essential vaccines always available when needed?

Lydon, Patrick; Schreiber, Benjamin; Gasca, Aurelia; Dumolard, Laure; Urfer, Daniela; Senouci, Kamel

doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.12.071

Cited by 58 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…While there is considerable investment in vaccines tied to elimination strategies and on outbreak response, short-term shortages and stock-outs of vaccines disrupting routine immunization activities are widespread. Between 2010 and 2015, countries in all regions of the world and of all economic levels experienced regular stock-outs of key vaccines [6] . This implies that many countries do not even hold sufficient buffer stock in the event of shortages or sudden increased demand.…”

Section: Vaccine Supply Roadmap Considerations and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Improving heat stability information of vaccines could potentially increase manufacturers' capacity to supply countries especially if ECTC provisions increase in demand. Stockpiling of finished product, either through rotating buffer stocks or static stockpiles, can help to mitigate uncertain demand forecasts and stock-outs, which continue to affect many countries [6] , but pose potential financial risk to manufacturers, if not used or do not comply with remaining shelf-life requirements. Stockpiling can also serve to respond to emergencies or outbreaks.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Roadmap for strengthening the vaccine supply chain in emerging countries: Manufacturers' perspectives

Jarrett¹,

Yang

Pagliusi

2020

Vaccine: X

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Highlights The study explored ways manufacturers could improve vaccine supply chain performance. It focused on the secondary stages of production: formulation, filling and packaging. 8 areas of interest for the vaccine supply chain were identified and 3 prioritized. Traceability, stockpiling and new packaging technologies are discussed. Specific proposals are made to engage in each of the 3 priority areas.

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Section: Vaccine Supply Roadmap Considerations and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Roadmap for strengthening the vaccine supply chain in emerging countries: Manufacturers' perspectives

Jarrett¹,

Yang

Pagliusi

2020

Vaccine: X

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…All types of commodities were included, except vaccines, as a large body of evidence exists on the status and root causes of vaccine stock-outs. 16,17…”

Section: Inclusion and Exclusion Criteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Availability of Essential Commodities and Related Bottlenecks for Community Health System: Systematic Literature Review

Pradhan

Bogue

Schreiber

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: This paper explores the extent of community-level stock-out of essential and program commodities for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health (MNCH) among Community Health Workers (CHWs) in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs), and identifies the underlying bottlenecks leading to such stock-outs. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted of published and grey literature. 48 studies containing information on the number or percentage of CHWs or health facilities (HFs) stocked-out, or reasons for stock-outs at these levels, were included. In addition, interviews were conducted with domain experts from different organizations working on community health to identify primary reasons for stock-outs. The qualitative data regarding reasons for stock-outs were categorized under different themes, using a content analysis method. Results: 48.09% [CI 95%: 39.28 - 56.90] of the Community Health Workers and 54.76 % [CI 95%: 43.54 - 65.98] of the health facilities in SSA countries included in this study experienced stock-outs of essential commodities. A hypothesis test showed no significant difference in stock-out rates between CHWs and HFs. The most frequently cited reason for CHW stock-outs was a lack of financial resources, leading to inadequate national level stocks, affecting supply available at the last mile. Moreover, issues at HF and CHW levels in the following areas contributed to stock-outs: transportation, data and estimation of needs, human resources, and stock management and storage. These significant bottlenecks hinder the ability of CHWs to save lives. Conclusion: Stock-outs of health commodities impact almost half of CHWs, preventing effective service delivery. Many factors contribute to stock-outs, which occur at all levels of the health supply chain. A system strengthening approach is necessary to reduce CHW stock-outs. Sparse data, differing definitions of stock-outs, and inconsistent reporting metrics posed significant challenges to analyzing results from reviewed studies. Therefore, a set of standard metrics to measure the rate, period, and frequency of stock-outs in future studies is recommended.

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“…90 Typically, each year one third of WHO Member States experience stockouts of at least 1 vaccine for 1 month or longer. 91 At their most severe, they represent a major threat to critical public health programs, such as global tuberculosis prevention. As well as impacting national immunization programs for children and adults, they may also impact the ability to provide licensed vaccines on the private market, for both locally acquired and travel-related vaccinepreventable disease.…”

Section: Substitutes Of Protectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccine Update: Recent Progress With Novel Vaccines, and New Approaches to Safety Monitoring and Vaccine Shortage

Ndaya-Oloo

Pitisuttithum

Tornieporth³

et al. 2018

The Journal of Clinical Pharma

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Vaccines are increasingly based on new constructs, new technologies, and new compounds. Novel immunization programs are rapidly implemented globally. In this article, we highlight selected hot topics of this highly dynamic and broad field of scientific and public health development. The first section focuses on novel vaccines including malaria, dengue, serogroup B meningococcal, and respiratory syncytial virus vaccines and antibodies. The second section is addressing emerging strategies and programmatic challenges including maternal immunization, integrated mother‐child safety monitoring, and finally coping strategies with vaccine shortages.

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Vaccine stockouts around the world: Are essential vaccines always available when needed?

Abstract: There continues to be important challenges of ensuring a continuous availability of essential vaccines. The global community, together with countries, urgently need to design effective interventions aimed at reducing the frequency and mitigating the impact of stockouts.

Cited by 58 publications

References 2 publications

Roadmap for strengthening the vaccine supply chain in emerging countries: Manufacturers' perspectives

Roadmap for strengthening the vaccine supply chain in emerging countries: Manufacturers' perspectives

Availability of Essential Commodities and Related Bottlenecks for Community Health System: Systematic Literature Review

Vaccine Update: Recent Progress With Novel Vaccines, and New Approaches to Safety Monitoring and Vaccine Shortage

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