“…The antigens used in these studies include lipopolysaccharides ( Pier, 2007 ), surface polysaccharides ( Pier, 2000 ), outer membrane proteins ( Gao et al, 2017 ; Rello et al, 2017 ), secreted proteins ( Hamaoka et al, 2017 ; Yang et al, 2017 ), flagella ( Hassan et al, 2017 ), and pili ( Ohama et al, 2006 ; Banadkoki et al, 2016 ). Several vaccine candidates even entered phase II/III clinical trials ( Baumann et al, 2004 ; Pier, 2005 ; Sharma et al, 2011 ; Le Moigne et al, 2016 ; Rello et al, 2017 ). However, these efforts have not resulted in a marketable product to date, which can be attributed to two primary reasons.…”