Vaccine supply, demand, and policy: A primer

Abstract

High development costs and multiple barriers to entry have led to a decline in the number of vaccine manufacturers. Although a number of vaccine policies have met with mixed success in increasing the supply of and demand for vaccines, a variety of concerns remain, including developing vaccines for complex pathogens and increasing immunization rates with available vaccines. New policy innovations such as advance market commitments and Medicare Part D vaccine coverage have been implemented and may aid in resolving some of the problems in the vaccine industry.

A literature review to identify factors that determine policies for influenza vaccination

“…This lack of communication, allied with the possible limited expertise of the regulatory authorities on testing new products, could hinder manufacturers' incentives and R&D efforts related to alternative influenza virus vaccine technologies. Additionally, the entire research, development, and approval process can require 10 years or more, costing approximately US $110-802 million [81]. For pandemic vaccines, at least 20 weeks are required from the time the pandemic virus is identified until the first vaccine doses become available [82].…”

“…This collaboration will produce more robust information and provide transparency in the evidence used in the decision-making process [84]. Additionally, communication with people concerned about vaccination should be enhanced with the goal of improving funding and reimbursement for both providers and patients [11,81]. Indeed, vaccination recommendations alone were insufficient in improving vaccination rates in various countries, regardless of their development status [11,81].…”

“…Additionally, communication with people concerned about vaccination should be enhanced with the goal of improving funding and reimbursement for both providers and patients [11,81]. Indeed, vaccination recommendations alone were insufficient in improving vaccination rates in various countries, regardless of their development status [11,81]. However, recommendations are still a crucial tool for boosting vaccine use [11].…”

Diagnostic Testing for Vaccinomics: Is the Regulatory Approval Framework Adequate? A Comparison of Canada, the United States, and Europe

“…Investment in vaccination, by controlling the spread of infectious diseases, promotes global public health and saves patients and healthcare providers substantial amounts of money in medical care costs. The end result is less use of healthcare resources, less use of drugs, and less absenteeism from school or work due to illness (Muzumdar and Cline, 2009). Indeed, widespread vaccination has been recognized as a factor contributing to significant economic growth in the 20th century (Muzumdar and Cline, 2009).…”

“…The end result is less use of healthcare resources, less use of drugs, and less absenteeism from school or work due to illness (Muzumdar and Cline, 2009). Indeed, widespread vaccination has been recognized as a factor contributing to significant economic growth in the 20th century (Muzumdar and Cline, 2009).…”