Vaccine‐Triggered Acute Autoimmune Myocarditis: Defining, Detecting, and Managing an Apparently Novel Condition

Mohiddin, Saidi A.; Guttmann, Oliver; Marelli‐Berg, Federica M.

doi:10.1161/jaha.122.026873

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 21 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Whereas in a control group without myocarditis, circulating spike protein was appropriately bound by antibodies. Some cases of myocarditis due to the mRNA vaccination are considered to be the result of autoimmune activation [192]. Additionally, it is worrisome that the DCs and monocytes increase their TGF-β and IL-2 signalling upon engagement with the spike protein synthesized by human cells from the vaccine mRNA (Table 1) [33].…”

Section: τγφ-β σιγναλλινγ ανδ τηε δε ελοπμεντ οφ α τη17 ρεσπονσεmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oncogenesis and autoimmunity as a result of mRNA COVID-19 vaccination

Kyriakopoulos,

Nigh,

McCullough

et al. 2024

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

When an antigen stimulates the immune system, specific T regulatory (Treg) and T effector (Teff) subpopulations develop from naïve T cells. The Treg cell population will produce the memory Treg (mTreg) cells against that specific antigen. An inappropriate homeostatic balance among Teff, Treg and mTreg cells can direct the immune system toward either cancer or autoimmunity. When cancer is present, Treg cells suppress anti-tumor immunity, and, when cancer is absent, Treg cells play the beneficial role of preventing the development of autoimmunity. In this review, we analyze Treg responses after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination and find distinct pathological responses under differing conditions. In cancer patients, the degree of disease progression depends on the cancer status at the time of vaccination and the type of cancer treatment they receive concurrently. We hypothesize that migration of circulating dendritic cells and mTreg cells back to the thymus accelerates thymic involution, a direct cause of immunosenescence. In summary, the Treg responses produced after mRNA vaccination and the subsequent mRNA-encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein expression may lead to a harmful influence on the immune system of vaccinees, and subsequent accelerated development of cancer and autoimmune disease. These mechanisms are consistent with both epidemiological findings and case reports.

show abstract

Section: τγφ-β σιγναλλινγ ανδ τηε δε ελοπμεντ οφ α τη17 ρεσπονσεmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oncogenesis and autoimmunity as a result of mRNA COVID-19 vaccination

Kyriakopoulos,

Nigh,

McCullough

et al. 2024

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The cell transforming effect of recombinant spike proteins represents a nutrient reservoir for tumor cells highlighting the need to reevaluate the substitutions of this amino acid in mRNA‐based vaccine and drug development efforts in the future. This is more so as clinical and translational observations in mRNA vaccinated individuals reveal numerous pathologies involving multifocal necrotizing encephalitis, 45 acute autoimmune myocarditis, 46 acute (epi‐)myocarditis with patchy interstitial myocardial T‐lymphocytic infiltration, mild myocyte damage, 47 myocarditis with regional dysfunction 48 and unbound spike antibodies of postvaccine myocarditis 49 ; which are all very severe conditions.…”

Section: Latent Spike Protein's Harm On the Cardiac Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long‐lasting, biochemically modified mRNA, and its frameshifted recombinant spike proteins in human tissues and circulation after COVID‐19 vaccination

Boros,

Kyriakopoulos,

Brogna

et al. 2024

Pharmacology Res & Perspec

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

According to the CDC, both Pfizer and Moderna COVID‐19 vaccines contain nucleoside‐modified messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding the viral spike glycoprotein of severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by corona virus (SARS‐CoV‐2), administered via intramuscular injections. Despite their worldwide use, very little is known about how nucleoside modifications in mRNA sequences affect their breakdown, transcription and protein synthesis. It was hoped that resident and circulating immune cells attracted to the injection site make copies of the spike protein while the injected mRNA degrades within a few days. It was also originally estimated that recombinant spike proteins generated by mRNA vaccines would persist in the body for a few weeks. In reality, clinical studies now report that modified SARS‐CoV‐2 mRNA routinely persist up to a month from injection and can be detected in cardiac and skeletal muscle at sites of inflammation and fibrosis, while the recombinant spike protein may persist a little over half a year in blood. Vaccination with 1‐methylΨ (pseudouridine enriched) mRNA can elicit cellular immunity to peptide antigens produced by +1 ribosomal frameshifting in major histocompatibility complex‐diverse people. The translation of 1‐methylΨ mRNA using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry identified nine peptides derived from the mRNA +1 frame. These products impact on off‐target host T cell immunity that include increased production of new B cell antigens with far reaching clinical consequences. As an example, a highly significant increase in heart muscle 18‐flourodeoxyglucose uptake was detected in vaccinated patients up to half a year (180 days). This review article focuses on medical biochemistry, proteomics and deutenomics principles that explain the persisting spike phenomenon in circulation with organ‐related functional damage even in asymptomatic individuals. Proline and hydroxyproline residues emerge as prominent deuterium (heavy hydrogen) binding sites in structural proteins with robust isotopic stability that resists not only enzymatic breakdown, but virtually all (non)‐enzymatic cleavage mechanisms known in chemistry.

show abstract

“…Myocarditis is a potentially deadly condition most often caused by infectious diseases, though hypersensitivity reactions and autoimmunity have also been implicated [ 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Myocarditis affects as many as one and a half million people worldwide per year, with viral etiologies being the most common.…”

Section: Viral Myocarditismentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of COVID-19 Vaccine-Associated Myocarditis and Viral Myocarditis Pathology

et al. 2023

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to significant loss of life and severe disability, justifying the expedited testing and approval of messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines. While found to be safe and effective, there have been increasing reports of myocarditis after COVID-19 mRNA vaccine administration. The acute events have been severe enough to require admission to the intensive care unit in some, but most patients fully recover with only rare deaths reported. The pathways involved in the development of vaccine-associated myocarditis are highly dependent on the specific vaccine. COVID-19 vaccine-associated myocarditis is believed to be primarily caused by uncontrolled cytokine-mediated inflammation with possible genetic components in the interleukin-6 signaling pathway. There is also a potential autoimmune component via molecular mimicry. Many of these pathways are similar to those seen in viral myocarditis, indicating a common pathophysiology. There is concern for residual cardiac fibrosis and increased risk for the development of cardiomyopathies later in life. This is of particular interest for patients with congenital heart defects who are already at increased risk for fibrotic cardiomyopathies. Though the risk for vaccine-associated myocarditis is important to consider, the risk of viral myocarditis and other injury is far greater with COVID-19 infection. Considering these relative risks, it is still recommended that the general public receive vaccination against COVID-19, and it is particularly important for congenital heart defect patients to receive vaccination for COVID-19.

show abstract

Vaccine‐Triggered Acute Autoimmune Myocarditis: Defining, Detecting, and Managing an Apparently Novel Condition

Cited by 4 publications

References 21 publications

Oncogenesis and autoimmunity as a result of mRNA COVID-19 vaccination

Oncogenesis and autoimmunity as a result of mRNA COVID-19 vaccination

Long‐lasting, biochemically modified mRNA, and its frameshifted recombinant spike proteins in human tissues and circulation after COVID‐19 vaccination

Comparison of COVID-19 Vaccine-Associated Myocarditis and Viral Myocarditis Pathology

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About